Table 2.

Plant-derived ingredients that influence the oral microbiome.

Plant Extracts	Plants of Essential Oils	Biological Activities on Oral Microbiome		References
Camellia sinensis		Anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-carcinogenic and anti-allergic		[151]
Black tea (teaflavins)		Antibacterial activity against S. mutans and Porphyromonas gingivalis		[152,153]
		Decreases bacteria responsible for various oral pathologies		[154]
Melaleuca alternifolia and propolis		Eradication of Candidate albicans, Campylobacter gracilis		[155]
		Reduces Streptococcus mitis and Streptococcus sanguis		[155]
	Melaleuca alternifolia, Melissa officinalis and Lavandula angustifolia	Antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli from oral biofilms		[156]
	Origanum vulgare, Thymus vulgaris and Eugenia caryophyllata	Efficient against Actinomyces viscosus, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus oralis, S. sanguinis, S. salivarius and S. mutans		[157]
	Cymbopogon nardus	Efficient against Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus biofilms from prosthetic materials		[158]
	Syzygium aromaticum	Good activity against Porphyromonas gingivalis		[159]
	Citrus aurantium	Antimicrobial activity against S. mutans, significant decrease in several virulent genes expressed by S. mutans		[159]
	Cinnamomum verum (oil from barks)	Efficient against S. mutans		[160]
	Cinamomum verum bark, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Origanum majorana, and Melaleuca alternifolia	Efficient against Solobacterium moorei	oral bacteria responsible for halitosis	[161,162]
	Aloysia gratissima, Aloysia triphylla, Alpinia speciose, Artemisia capillaris, Baccharis dracunculifolia, Callitris glaucophylla, Chrysanthemum indicum, Commiphora myrrha, Coriandrum sativum, Cymbopogon citratus, Cyperus articulatus, Elyonurus muticus, Eugenia caryophyllata, Ficus deltoidea, Juniperus communis, Melaleuca alternifolia and Mentha piperita	Efficient against anaerobic bacteria Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum		[162]