Table 2.
Polyphenols and their derivatives in fruit.
| Polyphenols | Structure | Derivatives | Sources | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Flavonoids | ||||
| Flavones |
|
Apigenin Baicalein Chrysin Luteolin |
Herbs (parsley, celery) Citrus fruits (oranges, grapefruits, and lemons) |
[28,56] |
| Flavonols |
|
Isohanmetin Kaemferol Myricetin Quercetin Rutin |
Cranberries, black currants, lingonberries, blueberries, black grapes, apricots, and apples | [9,57] |
| Flavan-3-ols | Monomers Polymers  Proanthocyanidins (Condensed Tannins) |
Catechin Epicatechin Gallocatechin |
Apples, grapes, blackberries, and cranberries | [9,28] |
| Procyanidin A2 Procyanidin B1 Procyanidin B2 Procyanidin C1 |
Grapes, apples, bilberries, cranberries, strawberries, and blueberries | [58] | ||
| Isoflavones |
|
Daidzin Equol Formononetin Genestein Glycitein |
Soy products, legumes, currants, and raisins | [56,59,60,61] |
| Flavanones |
|
Hesperidin Narinagin Sophoraflavanone G |
Prunes and citrus fruits (lemons, oranges, and grapefruits) | [9,28] |
| Anthocyanins |
|
Cyanidin Delphindin Malvidin Pelagonidin Peonidin |
Families Vitaceae (grapes), Rosaceae (cherries, plums, raspberries, strawberries, blackberries, apples, peaches), Saxifragaceae (red and black currants), Ericaceae (blueberries and cranberries) | [62] |
| Non-Flavonoids | ||||
| Phenolic acids |
Monomers Hydroxybenzoic acids Polymers  Hydrolyzable tannin (Ellagitannins) |
Ellagic acid Gallic acid Protocatechuic acid Salicylic acid Syringic acid Vanillic acid |
Tannic acid Genus Rubus (red raspberries, arctic brambles, and cloudberries), genus Fragaria (strawberries) |
[9,10] |
| Ellagitannins Gallotannins |
Berries, pomegranates, grapes, persimmons, pears, and apples | [9,10,63,64,65] | ||
| Hydroxycinnamic acids |
|
Caffeic acid Caftaric acid Chlorogenic acid Cinnamic acid Coumaric acid Curcumin Ferulic acid |
Blueberries, cloudberries, and bilberries | [9,66,67] |
| Stilbenes |
|
Resveratrol Piceatannol |
Grape skins, pomegranates, bilberries, blueberries, and mulberries | [9,68] |
| Lignans |
|
Pinoresinol Matairesinol Secoisolaricire Sinol |
Strawberries, apples, cranberries, prunes, and pears | [69] |
| Xanthone |
|
γ-mangostin | Mangosteens (G. mangostana) | [70] |