Table 1.

Differentially expressed metabolites in bile samples. Metabolites were grouped in one of the following classes: (1) increased compared to Native bile; (2) decreased compared to Native bile; (3) increased at the “start” and restored at the “end” of the NMP procedure; (4) unchanged relative to Native bile; (5) differentially modulated in the h-NMP and OxC-NMP groups. Abbreviations: 3-HB, 3-hydroxybutyrate; 3-HPA, 3-hydroxyphenylacetate; GSSG, glutathione disulfide (oxidized form); NMN, nicotinamide ribotide; TMA, trimethylamine; TMAO, trimethylamine N-oxide.

		Modulation vs. Native Bile
		h-NMP				OxC-NMP
Class	Metabolite	Start		End		Start		End
(1) Increased
	3-HB	↑	<0.001	↑	<0.001	↑	<0.001	↑	<0.001
	Lactate	↑	<0.010	↑	<0.010	↑	<0.001	↑	<0.050
	O-phosphocholine	=		↑	<0.050	=		↑	<0.010
	GSSG	=		↑	<0.010	=		↑	<0.050
	Glucuronic acid	=		↑	<0.010	=		↑	<0.0001
(2) Decreased
	TMAO	↓	<0.001	↓	<0.010	↓	<0.001	↓	<0.001
	Creatine	↓	<0.0001	↓	<0.0001	↓	<0.0001	↓	<0.0001
	C-25 tau conjugate	↓	<0.0001	↓	<0.0001	↓	<0.0001	↓	<0.0001
	N(CH3)3 phospholipid-CHO	↓	<0.0001	↓	<0.0001	↓	<0.0001	↓	<0.0001
	Glutammate	↓	<0.0001	↓	<0.0001	↓	<0.0001	↓	<0.0001
	Hypotaurine	↓	<0.0001	↓	<0.0001	↓	<0.010	↓	<0.010
	Fumarate	=		↓	<0.010	=		↓	<0.010
	NMN	↓	<0.010	=		↓	<0.0001	↓	<0.0001
(3) Increased at the “start” and restored at the “end”
	Acetate	↑	<0.050	=		↑	<0.0001	=
	Glycerol	↑	<0.0001	=		↑	<0.050	=
	3-HPA	↑	<0.0001	=		↑	<0.0001	=
(4) Unchanged
	Alanine	=		=		=		=
	Hypoxantine	=		=		=		=
	Carnitine	=		=		=		=
(5) Differentially modulated in the h-NMP and OxC-NMP groups
	DMG	↑		↑	<0.010	=		=
	Betaine	=		↑	<0.010	=		=
	Formate	=		=		↑	<0.001	↑	<0.050
	Taurine	=		=		↓	<0.050	↓	<0.050
	Asparagine	=		=		↑	<0.050	=