Table 2.

Literature reviews: characteristics and outcomes for pregnancy in patients with in situ inferior vena cava filter

Characteristics at time of insertion IVC filter				Pregnancy characteristics and obstetric outcomes					Management and complications
Patient no., study	Age, y	Indication	Location, type, and timing	Pregnancy no.	Years since IVC filter	Parity	Mode of delivery	Pregnancy outcome	Anticoagulants during pregnancy	Pregnancy- related VTE?*	Complications† IVC filter
19	32	PE	Infrarenal Retrievable (subtype NR)‡ 15th week of pregnancy	1	NR	NR	NR	“Uneventful pregnancy”	LMWH ± ASA§	NR	NR
				2	NR	NR	NR	“Uneventful pregnancy”	LMWH ± ASA§	NR	NR
216	17	PE following recent surgery	Location NR Retrievable (Günther Tulip)ǁ Outside pregnancy	1	3	0	Emergency CS at 42 wk	Healthy neonate	ASA	No	No
				2	5	1	Elective CS at 40 wk	Healthy neonate	ASA	No	No
				3	7	2	Elective CS at 38 wk	Healthy neonate	ASA	No	No
316	27	Recurrent VTE despite anticoagulants	Location NR Permanent (Bird’s Nest) Outside pregnancy	1	2	0	Spontaneous vaginal delivery at 39 wk	Healthy neonate	LMWH¶	No	No
				2	4	1	Spontaneous vaginal delivery at 38 wk	Healthy neonates (twins)	LMWH¶	No	No
416	35	Pregnancy-related DVT	Location NR Permanent (Bird’s Nest) 35th week of pregnancy	1	4	1	Spontaneous vaginal delivery at 41 wk	Healthy neonate	LMWH¶	No	No
516	23	Pregnancy-related DVT	Location NR Permanent (Bird’s Nest) 11th week of pregnancy	1	8	1	Elective CS at 38 wk	Healthy neonate	LMWH¶	No	No
616	25	Pregnancy-related DVT	Location NR Retrievable (Günther Tulip)ǁ 34th week of pregnancy	1	4	1	Emergency CS at 41 wk	Healthy neonate	LMWH¶	No	No
717	24	DVT	Location NR Permanent (Greenfield) Outside pregnancy	1	NR	1	Spontaneous vaginal delivery at 36 wk	Healthy neonate	NR	No	No
818	27	Recurrent VTE, warfarin allergy, and retroperitoneal hematoma	Infrarenal Permanent (TrapEase)# Outside pregnancy	1	4	0	Emergency CS at 24 wk	Fetus died shortly after birth	LMWH¶	No	Uterine trauma and massive intraperitoneal hemorrhage caused by perforation of IVC filter struts
919	27	Recurrent VTE	Location and filter type NR Outside pregnancy	1	<1	0	NR	NR	LMWH¶	No	NR

ASA, acetylsalicylic acid; CS, cesarean section; NR, not reported.

^*During pregnancy or up to 6 wk postpartum.

^†Complications of IVC filter include: migration, tilt, fracture, penetration of the vena cava wall, IVC filter thrombosis, or bleeding caused by IVC filter complications.

^‡Complicated insertion: filter misplacement into external iliac vein, associated penetration of IVC wall.

^§It was unclear whether ASA was added to LMWH treatment in this pregnancy.

^ǁFailure of IVC retrieval.

^¶Dose of LMWH was not reported

^#Known complication IVC filter before pregnancy: asymptomatic, chronic perforation of the IVC wall by struts and barbs of the IVC filter.