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. 2022 Feb 23;11(3):352. doi: 10.3390/biology11030352

Table 2.

Negative aspects related to the presence of S. chartarum in homes and dwellings *.

Mycotoxins MVOCs # Allergens Ailments Related with Direct or Indirect Exposure to S. chartarum ^
  • ❖

    atranones and dolabellanes

(chemotype A, about two-thirds of the currently known S. chartarum strains);

  • ❖

    macrocyclic trichothecenes:

  • -

    (~39% of isolates),

  • -

    satratoxins F, G and H

  • -

    (~35% isolates), roridins E and L-2,

  • -

    isosatratoxins F, G and H,

  • -

    verrucarins B and J,

  • -

    trichoverroids,

  • -

    trichoverrols A and B

  • -

    trichoverrins A and B,

  • -

    trichodermol

(chemotype S, about one-third of the currently known S. chartarum strains);

  • ❖

    phenylspirodrimanes:

  • -

    stachybotrychromene A-C

  • -

    stachybotrydial

  • -

    acetoxystachybotrydial acetate

  • -

    stachybotrydial acetate

  • -

    stachybotrylactam

  • -

    stachybotrylactam acetate

  • -

    stachybotrysin B and C

  • -

    stachybonoid D

  • -

    stachybotryamid

  • -

    L-671

(S. chartarum chemotype A and S);		 triprenylated phenolics; trichodiene; acetone;
2-propanol;
1-propanol;
2-metyl-1-propanol;
1-butanol;
2-butanol;
2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol;
3-methyl-1-butanol;
3-methyl-2-butanol;
thujopsene;
2-ethylhexanol;
2-ethylhexyl acetate;
methyl benzoate;
C15 RI1485 13-farnesene;
C15 RI 1513 α-curcumene;
C15 RI 1519 β-bisabolene;
C15 RI 1544 trichodiene;
C15 RI 1545 cuparene;
sesquiterpenes;
2-ethylhexanol;
3-methylfuran;
dimethylhexadiene;
dimethyl
disulfide;
1-hexanol;
1-octanol;
anisole;
2- and 3-methylanisole;
sesquiterpene hydrocarbons;		 Sta c 3 (21 kDa protein, 144 aminoacids), extracellular alkaline Mg-dependent exodesoxyribonuclease, IgE inducing;
34 kDa unknown secretory protein (SchS34 open reading frame encodes protein of 221 amino acids in length), localized on surface of conidia;
stachyrase A (chymotrypsin-like serine proteinase);
aspartyl- and metalloproteases;
peroxisomal membrane protein;
thioredoxin;
glutathione reductase;
Mn-superoxide dismutase;
cyclophilins;
heat shock proteins;
enolase;
alcohol- and aldehyde dehydrogenases;
glycosidases;
chitin;
glycoproteins;
β-1,3-D-glucan;		 pulmonary hemorrhage **; gastrointestinal hemorrhage **;
sick building syndrome (SBS);
mycotoxicosis (stachybotrytoxicosis);
leucopenia;
lymphadenopathy;
agranulocytic anemia;
asthma;
adult nasal and tracheal bleeding;
allergies;
inflammation;
lung injury;
pulmonary
hypertension;
pulmonary arterial remodeling;
irritation and necrotic changes within skin and/or mucous membranes;
hypersensitivity pneumonitis (repeated inhalation of conidia);
neurotoxicity (induction of apoptosis of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) in the olfactory epithelium);
inhibitory activity
against the complement system (K-76-phenylspirodrimane derivative and its oxidation
product, K-76 COOH);
headache;
fatigue;
cough;
burning nasal passages; tightness of chest;
muscle and stomach aches,

* prepared based on the subject literature [13,14,21,25,96,102,113,114,115,116,117,118]; # MVOCs—microbial volatile organic compounds; ^ documented and the most possible; ** considered as related with proteins with emolysin and proteinase activities and stachylysin (hemolysin with hemolytic activity, localized in the inner cell wall of spores and mycelia).