Figure 1.

2-DG blocks IL-1β-induced inflammatory gene expression in human astrocytes in a dose-dependent manner. Human astrocytes were pretreated with increasing concentrations of 2-DG (1, 5, 10, and 20 mM) followed by treatment with IL-1β 6 h prior to RNA isolation and gene expression analyses by RT²PCR. (A) Fold change of IL6 mRNA levels normalized to ACTB mRNA levels in the medium containing pyruvate. (B) Fold change of IL6 mRNA levels normalized to ACTB mRNA levels in the medium without pyruvate. One-way ANOVA was performed to the determine effect of treatment on IL6 cultured in media with pyruvate (A) [F (9, 10) = 83.52, p < 0.0001] and without pyruvate (B) [F (9, 10) = 116.1, p < 0.0001]. A post hoc Tukey’s test was conducted with corrected p-values shown (*** p < 0.001 vs. vehicle; ^^ p < 0.01; ^^^ p < 0.001; vs. IL-1β-treated cells). ANOVA, analysis of variance.