Table 2.
Change in the score of the NMSS and other scales of the study from V0 (baseline; N = 33) to V2 (6 months ± 30 days; N = 30).
| V0 | V2 | Cohen’s d | ∆ V0–V2 | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MOTOR ASSESSMENT | |||||
| H&Y-OFF | 2.5 [2, 3] | N. A. | N. A. | N. A. | N. A. |
| H&Y-ON | 2 [1.5, 2] | N. A. | N. A. | N. A. | N. A. |
| UPDRS-III-ON | 21.61 ± 13.17 | N. A. | N. A. | N. A. | N. A. |
| UPDRS-IV | 4.48 ± 2.09 | 3.87 ± 2.5 | −0.38 | −13.6% | 0.083 |
| FOGQ | 7.42 ± 5.62 | 6.03 ± 5.41 | −0.56 | −18.7% | 0.018 |
| NON MOTOR ASSESSMENT | |||||
| NMSS total score | 71.67 ± 37.12 | 52.1 ± 34.76 | −0.97 | −27.3% | 0.002 |
| - Cardiovascular | 5.3 ± 9.21 | 4.03 ± 6.03 | −0.24 | −23.9% | 0.346 |
| - Sleep/fatigue | 33.08 ± 19.02 | 19.82 ± 16.4 | −1.06 | −40.1% | <0.0001 |
| - Mood/apathy | 22.22 ± 22.58 | 11.87 ± 14.82 | −0.87 | −46.6% | 0.001 |
| - Perceptual symptoms | 1.59 ± 4.76 | 1.88 ± 4.5 | +0.12 | +18.2% | 0.334 |
| - Attention/memory | 13.55 ± 15.8 | 8.6 ± 19.62 | −0.32 | −36.5% | 0.091 |
| - Gastrointestinal symptoms | 19.44 ± 16.27 | 15.41 ± 16.36 | −0.56 | −20.7% | 0.029 |
| - Urinary symptoms | 32.57 ± 26.01 | 34.49 ± 26.02 | +0.09 | +5.8% | 0.726 |
| - Sexual dysfunction | 15.78 ± 26.2 | 22.98 ± 30.97 | +0.43 | +45.6% | 0.099 |
| - Miscellaneous | 21.96 ± 18.56 | 12.09 ± 14.11 | −0.65 | −44.94% | 0.021 |
| PDSS | 104.62 ± 22.51 | 108.48 ± 26.86 | +0.24 | +3.6% | 0.267 |
| AS | 13.76 ± 8.4 | 14.6 ± 8.71 | +0.11 | +6.1% | 0.801 |
| KPPS | 14.33 ± 13.5 | 10.47 ± 9.62 | −0.44 | −26.9% | 0.075 |
| - Musculoskeletal pain | 4.06 ± 3.46 | 3.47 ± 3.53 | −0.14 | −14.5% | 0.474 |
| - Chronic pain | 1.76 ± 3.51 | 0.63 ± 1.75 | −0.12 | −64.2% | 0.073 |
| - Fluctuation-related pain | 2.7 ± 4.24 | 1.23 ± 2.55 | −0.06 | −54.4% | 0.133 |
| - Nocturnal pain | 4.18 ± 6.44 | 2.93 ± 4.2 | −0.34 | −29.9% | 0.266 |
| - Oro-facial pain | 0.52 ± 1.46 | 0.43 ± 1.61 | −0.09 | −17.3% | 0.524 |
| - Discoloration, edema/swelling | 0.18 ± 0.72 | 0.53 ± 1.47 | +0.38 | +194.4% | 0.109 |
| - Radicular pain | 0.94 ± 2.35 | 1.23 ± 2.73 | +0.09 | +30.8% | 0.878 |
| VAS-PAIN | 4.09 ± 3.11 | 4.55 ± 2.5 | +0.41 | +11.2% | 0.187 |
| QOL AND AUTONOMY | |||||
| PDQ-39SI | 26.67 ± 17.61 | 21.75 ± 14.9 | −0.99 | −18.4% | 0.001 |
| - Mobility | 26.74 ± 19.62 | 24.16 ± 24.68 | −0.45 | −9.6% | 0.064 |
| - Activities of daily living | 26.01 ± 20.46 | 23.61 ± 19.82 | −0.33 | −8.9% | 0.130 |
| - Emotional well-being | 36.74 ± 26.95 | 26.94 ± 21.49 | −0.83 | −26.7% | 0.004 |
| - Stigmatization | 22.72 ± 27.41 | 14.37 ± 20.77 | −0.75 | −36.7% | 0.009 |
| - Social support | 12.37 ± 18.76 | 9.44 ± 15.43 | −0.39 | −23.6% | 0.244 |
| - Cognition | 28.41 ± 19.45 | 24.16 ± 25.2 | −0.25 | −14.9% | 0.306 |
| - Communication | 17.17 ± 20.61 | 16.94 ± 18.63 | −0.09 | −1.3% | 0.895 |
| - Pain and discomfort | 34.34 ± 21.52 | 23.33 ± 19.98 | −0.67 | −32.1% | 0.023 |
| ADLS | 80 ± 13.91 | 82.33 ± 14.54 | −0.35 | −2.9% | 0.197 |
p values were computed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. The results represent mean ± SD or median [p25, p75]. Domains of the NMSS and PDQ-39SI were expressed as a percentage to be able to establish comparisons on their severity between them. Cohen’s d formula was applied for measuring the effect size. It was considered: small effect = 0.2; medium effect = 0.5; large effect = 0.8. N. A., not applicable. ADLS, Schwab & England Activities of Daily Living Scale; FOGQ, Freezing of Gait Questionnaire, H&Y: Hoenh & Yahr; KPPS, King’s PD Pain Scale; NMSS, Non-Motor Symptoms Scale; PDQ-39SI, 39-item Parkinson’s Disease Quality of Life Questionnaire Summary Index; PDSS, Parkinson’s disease Rating Scale; UPDRS, Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale; VAS-Pain, Visual Analog Scale-Pain.