Table 2.
Some of the current and additional markers for early detection of CCA.
| Marker | Pros | Cons | Notes | Reference(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CA19-9 | Negative prognostic value | Absent in Lewis(a-b-) patients, low specificity and sensitivity | Established | [80,81,82,85,86,87,88,89,90,91] |
| CEA | Negative prognostic value when used with other markers | Low specificity and sensitivity | Established. | [94,95,96,97,98] |
| CYFRA 21-1 | Negative prognostic value | Low specificity and sensitivity | Established | [95,96,97,101,108,109] |
| MMP-7 | Negative Predictive value, correlated with CAA stage | Low specificity and sensitivity | Experimental | [9,111,112,113,114] |
| OPN | High sensitivity | Experimental | [9,115,116,117,118] | |
| IL-6 | High specificity | Experimental | [120,121,122,123] | |
| cfDNA | Possible diagnostic marker, correlated with tumor grade | Experimental | [10,125,126,127,131] | |
| lncRNA | Shows prognostic value, correlated with tumor grade | Experimental | [129,130] | |
| miRNA | Negative prognostic value | Bad diagnostic marker | Experimental | [9,62,63,131,132] |
Abbreviations: CA19-9—carbohydrate antigen 19-9/Cancer antigen 19-9; CEA—Carcinoembryonic antygen; CYFRA 21-1—Cytokeratin fragment antigen 21-1; MMP-7—Metaloproteinase 7; OPN—Osteopontin; IL-6—interleukin 6; cfDNA—cel free DNA; miRNA—MicroRNA; lncRNA—cel free non-coding RNA.