Table 1.

The most important findings to date from the human literature on gender differences in the association between cannabis use and the development of psychotic, depressive and anxious symptoms. M: male; F: female; CUD: cannabis use disorder.

Symptom	Population Profile	Results	References
Psychosis	nonclinical	Cannabis use increases the risk of first-episode psychosis and the development of psychosis more in men than in women (M > F)	[4,84,91]
		Synthetic cannabis use increases the risk of the development of psychosis both in men and in women (M = F)	[92]
		Cannabis use is related with an early start of first-episode psychosis both in men and in women (M = F)	[5,84,93,94]
		Cannabis use reduces the age of onset of psychosis more in women than in men (F > M)	[4,81,91,95]
		Greater intensity of psychotic experiences are associated with cannabis use in women than men (F > M)	[96]
	with risk factors for psychosis	Cannabis use is related with a greater severity of general psychiatric pathology in women than men (F > M) and with a greater severity of negative psychotic symptoms in men than women (M > F)	[97]
	with CUD	Women present more psychotic symptoms than men (F > M)	[89]
		Women present worse responses to treatment with more relapses than men (F > M)	[86]
	with first-episode psychosis	Cannabis use is related with worsening psychological, social and work activity in men than women (M > F)	[83]
		Cannabis use is related with a severity of clinical symptoms and length of hospitalization period similar in both sexes (M = F)	[3,83,92]
	with a cannabis-induced psychotic disorder	Men present a greater intensity and prevalence of positive symptoms than women (M > F)	[4,91,98]
		Women present a greater intensity and prevalence of negative symptoms than men (F > M)	[86]
Depression	nonclinical	Cannabis use is predictive of depressive symptoms both in men and women (F = M)	[95,96]
		Cannabis use is predictive of depressive symptoms more in women than men (F > M)	[99,100,101,102,103]
		Cannabis use is predictive of depressive symptoms with a great severity in men (M > F)	[52,104,105]
		Cannabis use increases the development of major depression in men (M > F)	[106]
		Cannabis use is related with suicidal ideation both men and women (M = F)	[109]
	with a cannabis misuse	Women show more depressive and somatization symptoms than men (F > M)	[85,88,102,107,108]
		Men show more depressive symptoms at younger ages (M > F), while women do so at later ages (F > M)	[89]
		Women show a higher probability of suicide than men in late adolescent (F > M)	[85]
		Men with a high frequency of consumption manifest a greater probability of suicidal ideation than women (M > F)	[95,109]
	with psychosis	Women cannabis users present greater dysphoria and depression than men (F > M)	[86,97,98]
Anxiety	general	Positive relationship between cannabis abuse and generalized anxiety disorder in women and negative relationship between cannabis abuse and panic disorder in men	[111]
	with CUD	Women present greater anxiety than men during abstinence (F > M)	[95,113]