Buck 2005.

Methods	Prospective, open‐label, randomised trial.
Participants	24 hospitalised participants (age range 41 to 76 years; 58% male) with community‐ or hospital‐acquired infections (late‐onset hospital‐acquired pneumonia, severe community‐acquired pneumonia, severe urinary tract infection, cholangitis in participants with risk factors, complicated peritonitis, participants at risk with fever of unknown origin). Exclusion: lack of informed consent, pregnancy or lactation in women, known hypersensitivity or intolerance to piperacillin‐tazobactam, and epilepsy.
Interventions	Piperacillin/tazobactam 2 g/0.5 g i.v. bolus loading dose, given over 1 h, followed by 8 g/1 g i.v. over 23 h on day 1, then over 24 h vs piperacillin 4 g + tazobactam 0.5 g i.v. q8h (doses were adjusted in those with renal dysfunction); mean treatment duration not stated.
Outcomes	Pharmacokinetic analysis: serum concentration‐time profiles. Clinical assessment and response (clinical or bacteriological success).
Notes
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Participants were randomly assigned, but method of randomisation was not stated.
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Concealment via envelopes, but opacity of envelopes not stated.
Blinding (performance bias and detection bias) All outcomes	High risk	Participants and clinicians were not blind.
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	All randomly assigned participants were accounted for at study end.
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Unclear risk	Clinical assessment was not the primary outcome (not assessed systematically in every participant). Reported all pre‐specified outcomes of interest.
Other bias	Unclear risk	Other antibiotics were permitted. Sponsored by Wyeth Lederle.