Lubasch 2003.

Methods	Multicentre, randomised trial.
Participants	81 hospitalised patients (mean age 65 years; 69% male) with acute exacerbation of severe chronic bronchitis, Exclusion: pregnancy or lactation period, allergy to beta‐lactams and/or aminoglycosides, other infection requiring systemic antibiotics, last dose of antibiotic < 72 h, impaired renal function.
Interventions	Ceftazidime 2 g i.v. q8h vs ceftazidime 2 g i.v. loading dose, followed by 2 g i.v. infused over 7 h q12h; treatment duration 8 to 14 days.
Outcomes	Clinical and bacteriological responses at day 8 or 9, and 72 h after the end of therapy. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters of ceftazidime,
Notes	Extended interval.
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Randomly assigned, but randomisation method not stated (pg. 670).
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Not stated.
Blinding (performance bias and detection bias) All outcomes	High risk	Open label.
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Outcomes reported for clinically evaluable population, but number of patients in clinically evaluable population not stated (pg. 661).
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Low risk	Reported on all pre‐specified outcomes of interest.
Other bias	Unclear risk	Not all patients were assessed for clinical outcomes, reason for exclusion of patients from clinically evaluable population not stated. Clinical success was defined as cure or improvement.