Roberts 2010.

Methods	Randomised trial.
Participants	16 critically ill patients (mean age range 30 to 41 years; 61% male) with known or suspected sepsis and normal renal function. Exclusion: not stated.
Interventions	Piperacillin‐tazobactam 4 g/0.5 g i.v. over 20 minutes, followed by 8 g/1 g continuous infusion over 24 h (piperacillin 333 mg/h) on day 1, then 12 g/1.5 g continuous infusion over 24 h (piperacillin 500 mg/h) vs piperacillin‐tazobactam 4 g/0.5 g i.v. q6h or q8h; mean treatment duration not stated.
Outcomes	Plasma‐concentration time profiles for first dose and steady state. Probability of target attainment by MIC against bacterial pathogens commonly encountered in critical care units.
Notes	Same data set as Roberts 2009c, with 3 additional patients (all met sepsis criteria). Will include only outcomes of interest for the 3 additional patients.
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Randomly assigned "using random numbers selected from an opaque sealed envelope" (pg. 157); however, no sequence generation mentioned.
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Low risk	"Random numbers selected from an opaque sealed envelope" (pg. 157).
Blinding (performance bias and detection bias) All outcomes	High risk	Open label.
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Reported mortality for all 16 randomly assigned participants (pg. 159, table 1).
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Unclear risk	No clinical trial protocol cited.
Other bias	Unclear risk	Open‐label use of other antibiotics not stated. All patients except 1 in the intermittent group received q6h dosing.