Table 1.

Compounds with Highest Efficacy on Proliferation and their Mechanism of Action and Status.

Compound	Mechanism	Status
cAMP	Activates variety of ion channels and protein kinases	Cannot be used clinically for GBM [16]
Rapamycin	Inhibits mTOR and induces autophagy	Clinical trial for GBM [81,82]
Retigabine	Opens KCNQ2-5/Kv7.2–7.5 channels	Novel application for GBM
Minoxidil	Opens K(ATP) channels	Novel application for GBM
NS1643	Opens hERG and potentiates KCNQ2-4 channels	Novel application for GBM
Lamotrigine	Blocks voltage gated sodium channels	Novel application for GBM
Pantoprazole	Proton pump inhibitor	Published for GBM [83]
Temozolomide (TMZ)	Alkylates/methylates DNA, induces autophagy, used in GBM treatment	Current standard treatment for GBM [84]