Table 1.
In vitro anticancer effect of plant extracts from the Solanaceae family and their potential mechanisms of action.
| Name of the Species | Part of the Plant | Type of Solvent | Class of Compounds/Compounds Identified in Extract/Fraction | Cancer Cell Lines | Activity/Mechanism/Effect | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Athenaea velutina Sendtn. | leaves | dichloromethane: methanol (1:1) | phenolic compounds and flavonoids |
MCF-7, HepG2, B16-F10 | Cytotoxic (IC50 values in the range of 1.56–200 μg/mL) (MTT test); inhibition of migration, adhesion, invasion and cell colony formation. | [161] |
| Capsicum annuum L. | red pericarp | water/methanol | capsianoside derivatives | HCT116, PC-3 | Cytotoxic (IC50 = 51 μg/mL and 60 μg/mL) (MTT test) | [162] |
| Capsicum annuum L. | fruits | ethanol | carotenoids, chlorophyll, polyphenols, tannins, and flavonoids | Calu6 | Cytotoxic | [163] |
| Solanum betaceum Cav. | fruits | ethanol | phenolics | HepG2, MDA-MB-231 | Cytotoxic (IC50 values in the range of 30–80 μg/mL) (MTT test) | [164] |
| Datura innoxia Mill. | leaves | water | phenolic and flavonoid contents | K562 | Cytotoxic (IC50 = 0.6 mg/mL) (MTT test); antiproliferative activity by interaction with DNA and histones | [165] |
| Datura stramonium L., Datura inoxia Mill. | leaves | ethyl acetate | rutin, gallic acid, catechin, apigenin and caffeic acid | PC-3, MDA-MB 231, MCF-7 | Cytotoxic (IC50 < 3 μg/mL) (MTT assay); anti-tumour activity (evaluation of haematological, biochemical and histological) | [166] |
| Hyoscyamus reticulatus L., Hyoscyamus tenuicaulis Schönb.-Tem. Lycium shawii Roem. & Schult. and Solanum luteum L. | shoots, leaves, stems |
dichloromethane | - | MOLT-4 | Cytotoxic (IC50 values in the range of 35.5–>50 μg/mL) (MTT test) | [167] |
| Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. | root tubers and leaves | methanol/trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), ethanol/TFA, methanol/TFA/water, and ethanol/TFA/water | anthocyanins | MCF-7, HCT-116, and HeLa | Antiproliferative properties | [168] |
| Lycium barbarum L. | fruits (Goji berries) | ethanol | - | T47D | Cytotoxic (IC50 = 0.75 mg/mL) (MTT test); induction of apoptosis by changes of the apoptotic protein expression (increase in pro-apoptotic proteins and a decrease in anti-apoptotic proteins) | [169] |
| Lycium barbarum L. | fruits | - | phenolics | HepG2 | Cytotoxic (18%, at 1600 μg/mL) (MTT test) | [170] |
| Lycium barbarum L. | fruits | methanol/ethyl acetate/petroleum ether | zeaxanthin-rich extract | BJ HEP, A375 | Cytotoxic (IC50 = 75.15 and 85.06 μM for BJ HEP, 62.36 and 92.59 μM for A375) | [171] |
| Lycium barbarum L. | water | pectin-free, polysaccharides fraction |
MCF-10A, MCF-7, HER2, MDA-MB-231 | Cytotoxic 1000 μg/mL (MTT test) | [172] | |
| Lycium barbarum L. | fruits | - | carotenoids | Caco-2 cells | Effect (range from 6.5 to 92.8%) (MTT test) | [173] |
| Lycium barbarum L., Lycium ruthenicum Murr | fruits | ethyl acetate | phenolics flavonoids, carotenoids | MDA | Cytotoxic (EC50 = 4.08 mg/mL); apoptosis via modulating cell cycle arrest, cell apoptosis, and the p53 signalling pathway | [174] |
| Lycium chinense Mill. | fruit (Goji berries) | ethanol | - | LS180 | Cytotoxic (MTT test) | [175] |
| Lycium europaeum L. | fruit | methanol | phenolic, flavonoids, anthocyanins, carotenoids, lycopens, and condensed tannins content | A549, PC12 | Cytotoxic (MTT assay), morphological changes and induction of apoptosis by caspase 3/7 activation | [176] |
| Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. | leaves | hydromethanol, acetone and alkaloid extracts | phenolic compounds, pigments, and alkaloids | AGS | Cytotoxic (IC50 values in the range of 9–171 μg/ mL) | [177] |
| Nicotiana glauca Graham | leaves | ethanol | palmitic acid and scopoletin | CCL-136 | Anti-proliferative effect and induction of apoptosis by changes in mitochondrial and nuclear morphology | [178] |
| Nicotiana glauca Graham | stem | n-hexane | beta-sitosterol, stigmasterol, campesterol, D-alpha-tocopherol, scopoletin, 3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol, Bicyclo[3.1.1]heptanes |
MCF-7 | Cytotoxic (IC50 = 17.98 μg/mL) (MTT test); induction of apoptosis by changes in mitochondrial membrane potential, chromatin condensation and cytoplasmic shrinkage | [179] |
| Physalisalkekengi L. | fruit | chloroform | physalin D | HeLa MCF-7, A431 | Growth inhibition | [180] |
| Physalis angulata L. | leaves | ethanol | - | SKOV3, HL-60 | Cytotoxic (IC50 in the range of 18–375 μg/mL) (MTS test) | [181] |
| Physalis peruviana L. | fruit | ethanol, isopropanol | ursolic acid, rosmarinic acid, gallic acid, quercetin, and epicatechin | HeLa | Cytotoxic (IC50 = 60.48 μg/mL) (Resazurin Reduction) | [182] |
|
Solanum aculeastrum Dunal |
whole plant | methanol | solamargine and solanine | SH-SY5Y | Cytotoxic (IC50 = 10.72 μg/mL) (sulforhodamine B (SRB) colorimetric assay) | [183] |
| Solanum capsicoides All. | seeds | methanol | carpesterol | K562 | Cytotoxic (U251 GI50 = 24.7 μg/mL, MCF-7 GI50 = 27.1 μg/mL, 786-0 GI50 = 25.8 μg/mL, OVCAR-03 GI50 = 24.0 μg/mL, and K562 GI50 = 32.0 μg/mL) (Toxicity Estimation Software Tool (TEST) software) | [184] |
| Solanum chacoense Bitter. | leaves, tubers | methanol | phenolic acids and volatile compounds | MCF-7 | Cytotoxic (IC50 values in the range of 132.9–390.7 μg/mL) (MTT test); induction of apoptosis by changes in expression of proliferation- and apoptosis-related genes (overexpression Bax¸ down-regulation Bcl-2) | [185] |
| Solanum incanum L. | whole plant | acid base precipitation followed by the different ratios of ethanol/H2 O extraction (according to the patents—US patent 7,078,063, EU patent 1,058,334, and Japan patent 3,940,928) | solamargine | B16 | Cytotoxic (IC50 in the range of 2.91–6.85 μg/mL) (MTT test); induction of apoptosis by DNA damage and activation of caspase 9; G0/G1 cell cycle arrest | [186] |
| Solanum incanum L. | fruit | water | - | HCT-116 | Cytotoxic (IC50 = 23.35 μg/mL) (Sulphorhodamine B test); ultrastructural changes (loss of the surface microvilli, mitochondrial damage, formation of autophagic vacuoles, nuclear shrinkage, chromatin condensation and nucleolar changes) |
[187] |
|
Solanum incanum L., Solanum schimperianum Hochst, Solanum nigrum L., Physalis lagascae Roem. & Schult. and Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal |
leaves | methanol | hydroxycinnamic acid amides, steroid alkaloids, steroidal glycoalkaloid fractions | MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, HT-29, HTC-116 | Cytotoxic (IC50 values in the range of μg/mL and 1.29–19.83 μg/mL) (MTT test) | [188] |
| Solanum lycopersicum L. | fruit | methanol | phenolic, ascorbic acids and flavonoid content | HepG2, HeLa | Cytotoxic (IC50 values in the range of 156–212 μg/mL) (MTT test) | [189] |
| Solanum lycopersicum L. | fruit | ethanol/water | carotenoids, phenolics, sterol content, fatty acid | HT-29 | Cytotoxic (IC50 = 150 μg/mL) (MTT test) | [190] |
| Solanum lycopersicum L. | leaves | ethanol | - | A549, HeLa | Cytotoxic (IC50 < 31.25 μg/mL) (MTT); significant caspase-3 activity | [191] |
| Solanum lyratum Thunb. | whole plant | chloroform | - | HSC-3, SAS, CAL-27 | Cytotoxic (IC50 values in the range of 40–80 μg/mL); induction of apoptosis (in extrinsic- and intrinsic-dependent pathways) by changing levels of the proteins p21, p16, CDK2 and CDK6, and cyclins D1 and E. It also promotes proapoptotic proteins Bax and Bad and inhibits anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl, promotes ROS and Ca2þ production, decreases mitochondrial membrane potential, increases NO production |
[192] |
| Solanum nigrum L. | whole plant | water | alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, polyphenols terpenoids, and saponins | A-375 | Cytotoxic | [193] |
| Solanum nigrum L. | whole plant | water | - | MCF-7 | Cytotoxic (IC50 = 100 μg/mL) (crystal violet staining assay) induction of apoptosis by activation of caspase-3 and loss of mitochondrial integrity. It also inhibited EMT (cancer cell metastasis and migration) by downregulating ZEB1, N-cadherin, and vimentin | [194] |
| Solanum nigrum L. | leaves | water | - | SCC-4 | Cytotoxic (IC50 = 150 μg/mL) (crystal violet staining assay); induction of apoptosis by increasing ROS production, activating caspase-9 and caspase-3, alleviating the inhibition of glucose uptake and loss of mitochondrial integrity | [195] |
| Solanum nigrum L. | fruit | ethanol | phenolic and flavonoid compounds | MCF-7 | Cytotoxic (IC50 value = 40.77 μg/mL) (MTT assay); arrest the cell cycle in the S phase and continued to the G2/M phase | [196] |
| Solanum nigrum L. | whole plants | water | - | HepG2 | Cytotoxic (MTT test); inhibits the proliferation and AKT/mTOR pathway | [197] |
| Solanum paniculatum L. | fruit | ethanol | carotenoids, phenolic compounds | MCF-7 | Cytotoxic (IC50 value = 1.87–30 μg/mL) | [198] |
|
Solanum schimperianum Hochst. ex A.Rich Solanum villosum Mill. Solanum coagulans Forssk. Solanum glabratum Dunal., Solanum incanum L., Solanum nigrum L. |
aerial parts | ethanol | rutin | HepG2, HEK293, MCF-7 | Cytotoxic (IC50 values in the range of 20.4–30.1 μg/mL) (MTT assay) | [199] |
| Solanum sessiliflorum Dunal | pulp/seed | ethanol | caffeic and gallic acids, beta-carotene, catechin, quercetin, and rutin | MCF-7, HT-29 | Cytotoxic (IC50 values in the range of 3–>30 μg/mL) (MTT assay) | [200] |
| Solanum tuberosum L. | tuber, peels, flesh, flowers | water | - | HT-29 | Cytotoxic (IC50 values in the range of 7.2–14.4 mg/ mL) (MTS test); induction of apoptosis by upregulation of caspase-3 protease activity | [201] |
| Solanum tuberosum L. | tubers | water | polyphenol and anthocyanin-rich | U937 | Cytotoxic; expression of specific apoptotic agents, such as caspase 8, 9, 3, and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) | [202] |
| Solanum tuberosum L. | peels | ethanol/water | caffeic, caffeoylquinic acid, O-glycosylated flavonol derivatives and polyamine derivatives | NCI-H460, MCF-7, HepG2, and HeLa |
Cytotoxic (GI50 values in the range of 51–365 μg/mL) | [203] |
| Withania coagulans (Stocks) Dunal | roots, leaves, leaf stalk, and fruit | methanol | flavonoid and phenolic content, myricetin, quercetin, gallic acid, hydroxybenzoic acid | HeLa, MCF-7, RD, RG2 | Cytotoxic (IC50 values in the range of 0.96 μg/mL–6.69 μg/mL (Presto Blue cell metabolic test) | [204] |
| Withania coagulans (Stocks) Dunal | fruits | methanol | withaferin A | MDA-MB-231 | Cytotoxic (IC50 = 40 mg/mL) (MTT assay) | [205] |
| Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal | root | water | - | A375 | Cytotoxic (IC50 = 350 μg/mL) (MTT test); induction of morphological changes (apoptotic body and nuclear blebbing) and DNA fragmentation | [206] |
| Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal | leaves | water | - | HepG2 | Cytotoxic (IC50 = 5.0 mg/mL)(MTT test); induction of apoptosis by caspase-3, -8 and -9 activation | [207] |
| Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal | roots and leaves | water, ethanol, metanol (various methods of extraction and maceration) | withanoside V, withanoside IV, 12-deoxywithastramonolide, withanolide A, and withaferin A | HeLa | Cytotoxic (IC50 = 10 mg/mL) (MTT test) | [208] |
| Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal | roots | ethanol/water | alkaloids, carbohydrates, phytosterols and phenolics | A549 | Cytotoxic (IC50 = 99.7 μg/mL) (MTT test); anticancer activity via antioxidant, apoptotic, autophagy and angiogenesis inhibition mechanisms | [209] |
| Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal | roots | - | withaferin A, whitanolide, withanolide B | Jurkat | Proapoptotic mechanism involves intracellular Ca2+ accumulation and the generation of reactive oxygen species | [210] |
| Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal | leaves | water | - | C6 glioma | Activation of multiple pro-apoptotic pathways, leading to suppression of cyclin D1, Bcl-xl, and p-Akt | [211] |
| Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal | stems | methanol, ethanol, water | withaferin A | MDA-MB-231 | Cytotoxic (IC50 values of 30 and 37 μg/mL) (MTT test) | [212] |