Table 1.

The emerging roles of EV-derived ncRNAs in tumor angiogenesis.

EV-Derived ncRNAs	Expression	Source Cell	Function and Mechanism	Tumor Type	Reference
miR-155	Upregulated	Tumor cell	Promotes angiogenesis via the c-MYB/VEGF axis	Gastric cancer	[53]
	Upregulated	Tumor cell	Promotes angiogenesis by inhibiting FOXO3a	Gastric cancer	[54]
miR-130a	Upregulated	Tumor cell	Activates angiogenesis by inhibiting c-MYB	Gastric cancer	[55]
miR-135b	Upregulated	Tumor cell	Promotes angiogenesis by inhibiting FOXO1	Gastric cancer	[56]
	Upregulated	Tumor cell	Regulates the HIF/FIH signalling pathway	Multiple myeloma	[57]
miR-23a	Upregulated	Tumor cell	Inhibits PTEN and activates the AKT pathway	Gastric cancer	[58]
	Upregulated	Tumor cell	Increases angiogenesis by inhibiting ZO-1	Lung cancer	[59]
miR-200b-3p	Downregulated	Tumor cell	Enhances endothelial ERG expression	Hepatocellular carcinoma	[60]
miR-25-3p	Upregulated	Tumor cell	Inhibits KLF2 and KLF4, thereby elevating VEGFR2 expression	Colorectal cancer	[61]
miR-1229	Upregulated	Tumor cell	Inhibits HIPK2, thereby activating the VEGF pathway	Colorectal cancer	[62]
miR-183-5p	Upregulated	Tumor cell	Inhibits FOXO1, thereby promoting expression of VEGFA, VEGFAR2, ANG2, PIGF, MMP-2, and MMP-9	Colorectal cancer	[63]
miR-142-3p	Upregulated	Tumor cell	Inhibits TGFβR1	Lung adenocarcinoma	[64]
miR-103a	Upregulated	Tumor cell	Inhibits PTEN, thereby promoting the polarization of M2 macrophages	Lung cancer	[65]
miR-126	Upregulated	MSCs	Upregulates CD34 and CXCR4, thereby promoting expression of VEGF	Lung cancer	[66]
miR-141-3p	Upregulated	Tumor cell	Inhibits SOCS5, thereby activating JAK/STAT3 and NF-κB signalling pathways	Ovarian cancer	[67]
miR-205	Upregulated	Tumor cell	Regulates the PTEN/AKT pathway	Ovarian cancer	[68]
miR-9	Downregulated	Tumor cell	Inhibits MDK, thereby regulating the PDK/AKT signalling pathway	Nasopharyngeal carcinoma	[69]
	Upregulated	Tumor cell	Promotes angiogenesis by targeting COL18A1, THBS2, PTCH1, and PHD3	Glioma	[70]
miR-23a	Upregulated	Tumor cell	Promotes angiogenesis by inhibiting TSGA10	Nasopharyngeal carcinoma	[71]
miR-210	Upregulated	Tumor cell	Enhances tube formation by inhibiting EFNA3	Leukemia	[72]
	Upregulated	Tumor cell	Promotes angiogenesis by inhibiting SMAD4 and STAT6	Hepatocellular carcinoma	[73]
miR-26a	Upregulated	Tumor cell	Inhibits PTEN, thereby activating the PI3K/AKT signalling pathway	Glioma	[74]
miR-27a	Upregulated	Tumor cell	Inhibits BTG2, thereby promoting VEGF, VEGFR, MMP-2, and MMP-9 expression	Pancreatic cancer	[75]
miR-155-5p /miR-221-5p	Upregulated	M2 macrophages	Promotes angiogenesis by targeting E2F2	Pancreatic cancer	[76]
miR-21-5p	Upregulated	Tumor cell	Promotes angiogenesis by targeting TGFBI and COL4A1	Papillary carcinoma	[77]
miR-100	- -	MSCs	Regulates the mTOR/HIF-1α signalling axis	Breast cancer	[78]
miR-21	Upregulated	Tumor cell	Inhibits SPRY1, thereby promoting VEGF expression	Oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma	[79]
	Upregulated	Tumor cell	Inhibits PTEN, thereby activating PDK1/AKT signalling	Hepatocellular carcinoma	[80]
miR-181b-5p	Upregulated	Tumor cell	Inhibits PTEN and PHLPP2, thereby activating AKT signalling	Oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma	[81]
miR-9	Upregulated	Tumor cell	Inhibits S1P, thereby promoting VEGF expression	Medulloblastoma and xenoglioblastoma	[82]
miR-10a-5p	Upregulated	CAFs	Inhibits TBX5, thereby activating Hedgehog signalling	Cervical squamous cell carcinoma	[83]
miR-135b	Upregulated	Tumor cell	Enhances angiogenesis by targeting FIH-1	Multiple myeloma	[57]
miR-130b-3p	Upregulated	M2 macrophages	Regulates the miR-130b-3p/MLL3/GRHL2 signalling cascade	Gastric cancer	[84]
lncGAS5	Downregulated	Tumor cell	Inhibits angiogenesis by regulating the miR-29-3p/PTEN axis	Lung cancer	[85]
lnc-CCAT2	Upregulated	Tumor cell	Promotes VEGFA and TGF-β expression	Glioma	[86]
lnc-POU3F3	Upregulated	Tumor cell	Promotes bFGF, bFGFR, and VEGFA expression	Glioma	[87]
lncRNA RAMP2-AS1	Upregulated	Tumor cell	Promotes angiogenesis through the miR-2355-5p/VEGFR2 axis	Chondrosarcoma	[88]
OIP5-AS1	Upregulated	Tumor cell	Regulates angiogenesis and autophagy through miR-153/ATG5 axis	Osteosarcoma	[89]
FAM225A	Upregulated	Tumor cell	Promotes angiogenesis through the miR-206/NETO2/FOXP1 axis	Oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma	[51]
UCA1	Upregulated	Tumor cell	Promotes angiogenesis through the miR-96-5p/AMOTL2 axis	Pancreatic cancer	[90]
SNHG11	Upregulated	Tumor cell	Promotes angiogenesis through the miR-324-3p/VEGFA axis	Pancreatic cancer	[91]
SNHG1	Upregulated	Tumor cell	Promotes angiogenesis by regulating the miR-216b-5p/JAK2 axis	Breast cancer	[92]
AC073352.1	Upregulated	Tumor cell	Binds and stabilizes the YBX1 protein	Breast cancer	[93]
MALAT1	Upregulated	Tumor cell	Facilitates angiogenesis and predicts poor prognosis	Ovarian cancer	[94]
TUG1	Upregulated	Tumor cell	Promotes angiogenesis by inhibiting caspase-3 activity	Cervical cancer	[95]
LINC00161	Upregulated	Tumor cell	Promotes angiogenesis and metastasis by regulating the miR-590-3p/ROCK axis	Hepatocellular carcinoma	[96]
H19	Upregulated	Cancer stem cell	Promotes VEGF production and release in ECs	Liver cancer	[97]
circSHKBP1	Upregulated	Tumor cell	Enhances VEGF mRNA stability by the miR-582-3p/HUR axis	Gastric cancer	[52]
circRNA-100,338	Upregulated	Tumor cell	Facilitates HCC metastasis by enhancing invasiveness and angiogenesis	Hepatocellular carcinoma	[98]
circCMTM3	Upregulated	Tumor cell	Promotes angiogenesis and HCC tumor growth by the miR-3619-5p/SOX9 axis	Hepatocellular carcinoma	[99]
circ_0007334	Upregulated	Tumor cell	Accelerates CRC tumor growth and angiogenesis by the miR-577/KLF12 axis	Colorectal cancer	[100]
CircFNDC3B	Downregulated	Tumor cell	Inhibits angiogenesis and CRC progression by the miR-937-5p/TIMP3 axis	Colorectal cancer	[101]
circGLIS3	Upregulated	Tumor cell	Induces endothelial cell angiogenesis by promoting Ezrin T567 phosphorylation	Glioma	[102]
piRNA-823	Upregulated	Tumor cell	Promotes VEGF and IL-6 expression	Multiple myeloma	[103]