Table 1.

Summary of AI application fields.

Screening	Diagnosis	Treatment
Radiology: CXR [17,18,19,20,21] CXR [17,18,19,20,21] LDCT [22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33] Novel tools: Genomics [34] Genomics [34] Proteomics [35,36] Exhaled breath [37,38,39]	Risk prediction: Radiomics [40,41,42,43,44,45,46] WSI [47,48,49,50,51,52,53] WSI [47,48,49,50,51,52,53] Genomics [50,54]	Tumor property classification: Drug selection [44,45,46,50,55,56,57] Prognosis prediction: Drug treatment response [58,59,60] Post-Surgery recurrence [54,61,62] Radiotherapy response [63,64] Side effect estimation: Radiation pneumonitis [65,66]

CXR: Chest X-ray, LDCT: low-dose computed tomography, WSI: whole slide imaging.