Table 2.
Morbidity and healthcare utilization outcomes
| Rockwood Frailty Score | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1–3 | 4–6 | 7–9 | ||||
| 262 (40%) | 345 (54%) | 37 (6%) | ||||
| Length of stay, median (IQR) | 6.0 | (1, 11) | 9.0 | (3, 19) | 6.0 | (3, 16) |
| Any visit to ICU, n (%) | 55 | (21.0) | 127 | (36.8) | 25 | (67.6) |
| ICU length of stay,* median (IQR) | 0.0 | (0, 0) | 0.0 | (0, 2) | 1.0 | (0, 4) |
| Any ventilator days, n (%) | 20 | (7.6) | 67 | (19.4) | 10 | (27.0) |
| Number of ventilator days,† median (IQR) | 0.0 | (0, 0) | 0.0 | (0, 0) | 0.0 | (0, 1) |
| Number of trips to operating room, n (%) | ||||||
| 0 | 128 | (48.9) | 204 | (59.1) | 29 | (78.4) |
| 1 | 111 | (42.4) | 101 | (29.3) | 7 | (18.9) |
| 2 | 16 | (6.1) | 25 | (7.2) | 0 | (0.0) |
| 3+ | 7 | (2.7) | 15 | (4.3) | 1 | (2.7) |
| Number of trips to the OR per week among those with OR trips,‡ median (IQR) | 0.8 | (0.4, 0.9) | 0.5 | (0.4, 0.9) | 0.4 | (0.4, 0.9) |
| Discharge status, n (%) | ||||||
| Home | 208 | (79.4) | 163 | (47.2) | 10 | (27.0) |
| Home with service | 30 | (11.5) | 62 | (18.0) | 2 | (5.4) |
| Skilled nursing facility | 9 | (3.4) | 60 | (17.4) | 7 | (18.9) |
| Morgue/died | 8 | (3.1) | 32 | (9.3) | 9 | (24.3) |
| Hospice | 1 | (0.4) | 8 | (2.3) | 3 | (8.1) |
| Rehab | 2 | (0.8) | 9 | (2.6) | 1 | (2.7) |
| Long-term care | 3 | (1.1) | 3 | (0.9) | 3 | (8.1) |
| Acute care facility | 0 | (0.0) | 5 | (1.4) | 1 | (2.7) |
| Discharged AMA | 1 | (0.4) | 0 | (0.0) | 1 | (2.7) |
| Hospital cost per admission, median (IQR) | $36,866 | (5906, 71,301) | $52,922 | (16,677, 114,949) | $43,419 | (17,600, 90,568) |
| Hospital cost per day, median (IQR) | $5500 | (3753, 7298) | $5950 | (4246, 8100) | $5867 | (4758, 10,524) |
| Any HAI, n (%) | 4 | (1.5) | 23 | (6.7) | 1 | (2.7) |
| Bloodstream | 2 | (50.0) | 9 | (42.9) | 0 | (0.0) |
| Pneumonia | 2 | (50.0) | 4 | (19.0) | 1 | (100.0) |
| Skin and soft tissue | 2 | (50.0) | 2 | (9.5) | 1 | (100.0) |
| Gastrointestinal | 1 | (25.0) | 4 | (19.0) | 0 | (0.0) |
| Urinary tract | 1 | (25.0) | 2 | (9.5) | 0 | (0.0) |
| Ear, eye, nose, and throat | 0 | (0.0) | 1 | (4.8) | 0 | (0.0) |
| Unknown | 2 | 2 | 2 | |||
| Organism,§,‖ n (%) | ||||||
| Enterococcus | 2 | (50.0) | 5 | (23.8) | 0 | (0.0) |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 1 | (25.0) | 6 | (28.6) | 0 | (0.0) |
| Candida | 2 | (50.0) | 3 | (14.3) | 0 | (0.0) |
| Staphylococcus | 2 | (50.0) | 2 | (9.5) | 1 | (100.0) |
| Clostridium difficile | 1 | (25.0) | 4 | (19.0) | 0 | (0.0) |
| Escherichia coli | 1 | (25.0) | 1 | (4.8) | 0 | (0.0) |
| Enterobacter | 0 | (0.0) | 2 | (9.5) | 0 | (0.0) |
| Serratia marcescens | 0 | (0.0) | 2 | (9.5) | 0 | (0.0) |
| Actinomyces | 1 | (25.0) | 0 | (0.0) | 0 | (0.0) |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | 0 | (0.0) | 1 | (4.8) | 0 | (0.0) |
| Acinetobacter baumannii | 0 | (0.0) | 1 | (4.8) | 0 | (0.0) |
| Lactobacillus | 0 | (0.0) | 1 | (4.8) | 0 | (0.0) |
| Bacillus | 0 | (0.0) | 0 | (0.0) | 1 | (100.0) |
| Unknown | 2 | 2 | 2 | |||
AMA, against medical advice; HAI, healthcare-associated infection; ICU, intensive care unit; IQR, interquartile range; OR, operating room.
*Calculated among those with any visit to ICU.
†Calculated among those with any ventilator days.
‡Individuals with >3 trips to the OR were assumed to have 3 trips.
§Percentages calculated among those with hospital-acquired infections only.
‖Not mutually exclusive.