Table 1.

Common supervised ML techniques with early diagnosis examples.

Model	Type	Description	Example
LR	R	Uses logistic function to predict categorical outcomes	Chhatwal et al. [13]
SVM	R, C	Constructs hyperplanes to maximise data separation	Zhang et al. [14]
NB	C	Utilises Bayesian probability including priors for classification	Olatunji et al. [15]
RF	R, C	Ensembles predictions of random decision trees	Xiao et al. [16]
XGB	R, C	As RF, but sequential errors minimised by gradient descent	Liew et al. [17]
ANN	R, C	Multiplies input by weights and biases to predict outcome	Muhammad [18]
CNN	R, C	Uses kernels to detect image features	Suh [19]

Abbreviations: R: regression, C: classification, LR: logistic regression, SVM: support vector machine, NB: naïve Bayes, RF: random forest, XGB: extreme gradient boosting, ANN: artificial neural network, CNN: convolutional neural network.