Table 1.
Characteristics of Individuals Enrolled in a Trial of Contact Investigation for Tuberculosis in Rural South Africa
| Characteristic | Incentive-based Arm | Household-based Arm | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Index Participants | Contacts | Index Participants | Contacts | |
| (N = 780) | (N = 1903) | (N = 782) | (N = 1873) | |
| Age,a median (IQR), y | 38 (28–49) | 25 (13–42) | 39 (29–48) | 19 (8–36) |
| <15 | 37 (5%) | 523 (28%) | 26 (3%) | 759 (41%) |
| 15–34 | 284 (36%) | 703 (37%) | 274 (35%) | 586 (31%) |
| 35–54 | 330 (42%) | 425 (22%) | 362 (46%) | 254 (14%) |
| ≥55 | 124 (16%) | 236 (12%) | 117 (15%) | 242 (13%) |
| Male sex | 448 (57%) | 788 (41%) | 457 (58%) | 719 (38%) |
| District | ||||
| Vhembe | 343 (44%) | 886 (47%) | 342 (44%) | 976 (52%) |
| Waterberg | 437 (56%) | 1018 (54%) | 440 (56%) | 897 (48%) |
| Self-reported TB symptoms | ||||
| Cough | 635 (81%) | 577 (30%) | 623 (80%) | 414 (22%) |
| Fever | 385 (49%) | 169 (9%) | 361 (46%) | 123 (7%) |
| Weight loss | 561 (72%) | 199 (11%) | 538 (69%) | 105 (6%) |
| Night sweats | 518 (66%) | 295 (16%) | 508 (65%) | 158 (8%) |
| Chronic TB symptoms (≥2weeks) | 462 (59%) | 470 (25%) | 476 (61%) | 295 (16%) |
| Human immunodeficiency virus statusa | ||||
| Negative | 307 (39%) | 1304 (69%) | 306 (39%) | 1296 (69%) |
| Positive, not on treatment | 49 (6%) | 51 (3%) | 68 (9%) | 36 (2%) |
| Positive, on treatment | 397 (51%) | 195 (10%) | 384 (49%) | 107 (6%) |
| Mode of transport to clinica | ||||
| Public motorized | 59 (8%) | 74 (4%) | 71 (9%) | ... |
| Private motorized | 442 (57%) | 601 (32%) | 421 (54%) | ... |
| Nonmotorized | 276 (35%) | 1229 (65%) | 289 (37%) | ... |
| Travel time to clinic, median (IQR), minutes | 30 (20–60) | 30 (20–60) | 30 (15–60) | ... |
| Cost of one-way trip transport to clinic (South African Rand)b, median (IQR) | 10 (0–18) | 6 (0–10) | 10 (0–20) | ... |
| Educationa,c | ||||
| Foundation phase | 108 (14%) | 524 (28%) | 111 (14%) | 723 (39%) |
| Intermediate phase | 68 (9%) | 248 (13%) | 81 (10%) | 247 (13%) |
| Senior phase | 171 (22%) | 380 (20%) | 182 (23%) | 335 (18%) |
| Further education | 428 (55%) | 742 (39%) | 401 (51%) | 554 (30%) |
| Employmenta | ||||
| Employed | 137 (18%) | 159 (8%) | 126 (16%) | 130 (7%) |
| Student/occasional work | 164 (21%) | 780 (41%) | 154 (20%) | 744 (40%) |
| Unemployed/Retired | 447 (57%) | 740 (39%) | 488 (62%) | 640 (34%) |
| Lifetime history of smokinga | 340 (44%) | 443 (23%) | 358 (46%) | 205 (11%) |
| Number of household members, median (IQR) | 5 (3–7) | ... | 5 (3–7) | ... |
| Relationship to the index case | ||||
| Family members in household | ... | 877 (46%) | ... | 1816 (97%) |
| Nonfamily members in household | ... | 213 (11%) | ... | 56 (3%) |
| Family member outside household | ... | 424 (22%) | ... | ... |
| Friend/acquaintance/work colleague | ... | 376 (20%) | ... | ... |
| Do not know each other | ... | 14 (1%) | ... | ... |
| Long-term (>5 y) relationship with index case | 1457 (77%) | 1252 (67%) | ||
Abbreviations: IQR, interquartile range; TB, tuberculosis.
aMissing values were not included. Numbers missing in the incentive-based and household-based arms were as follows: age, 5 (0.6%) and 3 (0.4%); human immunodeficiency virus, 27 (3.5%) and 24 (3.1%); transportation, 3 (0.4%) and 1 (0.1%); education, 5 (0.6%) and 7(0.9%); employment, 32 (4.1%) and 14 (1.8%); and smoking, 5 (0.6%) and 1 (0.1%).
bAt the time of the study, 20 South African Rand was equal to approximately USD 1.16.
cThe South Africa General Education and Training stage is divided into the foundation (grades 1–3), intermediate (grades 4–6), senior phase (grades 7–9), and further education and training (includes grades 10–12).