Table 5.
Efficacy of exercise: Mean and 95% confidence intervals of health outcomes at baseline, post-intervention and follow-up assessments.
| Baseline (T1) | Post-Intervention (T2) | Follow-Up (T3) | Δ T1 to T2 a | Δ T2 to T3 a | Δ T1 to T3 a | ||||
| Mean | 95% CI | Mean | 95% CI | Mean | 95% CI | Mdiff (95% CI) | |||
| PROMIS Global Physical Health | 5.91 (4.2–7.6) c,d |
0.10 (−1.6–1.7) |
6.01 (3.9–8.0) c,d |
||||||
| High | 40.4 | (38.4–42.5) | 46.7 | (44.2–49.3) | 47.1 | (44.0–50.2) | |||
| Low | 40.6 | (37.6–43.5) | 46.1 | (43.6–48.5) | 45.8 | (42.9–48.8) | |||
| GEE b: Group p = 0.71; Time p < 0.01; Group × Time p = 0.79 | |||||||||
| PROMIS Global Mental Health | 5.4 (3.6–7.0) c,d |
−0.8 (−3.0–1.4) |
4.5 (2.0–7.0) c |
||||||
| High | 41.6 | (39.0–44.3) | 48.4 | (45.8–51.1) | 47.0 | (44.0–50.1) | |||
| Low | 41.9 | (39.3–44.5) | 45.8 | (43.1–48.5) | 45.5 | (43.0–48.0) | |||
| GEE b: Group p = 0.37; Time p < 0.01; Group × Time p = 0.25 | |||||||||
| Exercise-barrier self-efficacy | |||||||||
| High | 35.7 | (29.1–42.2) | 47.0 | (41.0–53.0) | 49.2 | (40.9–57.5) | 11.3 (4.5–18.1) c,d | 2.2 (−5.1–9.6) | 13.5 (3.9–23.3) c,d |
| Low | 32.1 | (25.7–38.5) | 33.7 | (27.5–40.0) | 29.8 | (22.5–37.2) | 1.6 (−4.4–7.7) | −3.9 (−9.3–1.5) | −2.3 (−8.4–3.9) |
| GEE b: Group p = 0.002; Time p = 0.02; Group × Time p = 0.02 | |||||||||
| Physical Activity e | 244.1 (172.7–315.5) c,d |
−31.4 (−124.0–61.3) d |
212.7 (120.1–305.4) c,d |
||||||
| High | 93.1 | (70.0–116.2) | 381.8 | (289.5–474.1) | 349.2 | (224.2–473.5) | |||
| Low | 140.7 | (86.1–195.3) | 340.2 | (249.2–431.1) | 310.0 | (190.6–429.4) | |||
| GEE b: Group p = 0.79; Time p < 0.01; Group × Time p = 0.42 | |||||||||
| 6-min walk test | 53.6 (35.7–71.4) c,d |
- f | - f | ||||||
| High | 494.0 | (454.0–530.0) | 547.0 | (518.0–576.0) | - f | ||||
| Low | 510.0 | (479.0–541.0) | 563.0 | (541.0–585.0) | - f | ||||
| GEE b: Group p = 0.39; Time p < 0.01; Group × Time p = 0.90 | |||||||||
| Modified-YMCA bench press | - f | - f | |||||||
| High | 27.3 | (18.0–36.7) | 43.5 | (32.6–54.4) | - f | 17.9 (5.5–30.3) c,d | |||
| Low | 25.6 | (19.6–31.6) | 29.1 | (21.6–36.7) | - f | 3.6 (−0.3–7.4) | |||
| GEE b: Group p = 0.18; Time p < 0.01; Group × Time p < 0.01 | |||||||||
| 30-s sit to stand | - f | - f | |||||||
| High | 11.6 | (10.0–13.1) | 15.0 | (13.2–16.8) | - f | 3.4 (1.7–5.1) c,d | |||
| Low | 11.3 | (10.1–12.5) | 12.6 | (11.4–13.8) | - f | 1.3 (0.2–2.5) c | |||
| GEE b: Group p = 0.14; Time p < 0.01; Group × Time p = 0.05 | |||||||||
T1: Baseline (pre-intervention); T2: Post-intervention (12 weeks post-baseline); T3: 12-week follow-up (12 weeks post-intervention). a Change scores are reported for whole cohort if no significant group by time interaction (Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) group × time p > 0.05); reported by group if significant group by time interaction (GEE group × time p ≤ 0.05); b p-value derived from Generalised-estimating equation model; c Statistically significant change between time points p < 0.05; d Clinically relevant/minimally important difference. Defined as a change of: ≥50 m walked in the 6-min walk test [32], ≥20 min of total physical activity per week [33], ≥five units in the PROMIS global physical and mental health scales [34], ≥two repetitions of the sit-to-stand [35], and a change of nine units and 11 repetitions for exercise-barriers self-efficacy and bench press, respectively.; e Physical activity: Total physical activity as measured by Active Australia Survey (self-report minutes walking + moderate physical activity+ [2 × vigorous physical activity]); f 6-min walk test, Bench press and Sit-to-stand were measured at T1 and T2 only.