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. 2022 Mar 18;12(3):402. doi: 10.3390/brainsci12030402

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Dopaminergic pathways linking the basal ganglia and the cortex. Connectivity diagram showing excitatory glutamatergic pathways as red, inhibitory GABAergic pathways as blue, and modulatory dopaminergic as green. Their final functional output is the modulation of the cortical activity, mainly for motor-related circuits. Abbreviations: STN: subthalamic nucleus; SNr: substantia nigra pars reticulata; SNc: substantia nigra pars compacta; GPe: external segment of the globus pallidus; GPi: internal segment of the globus pallidus.