Table 4.
Multivariate logistic binary regression analysis of children’s odds of physical maltreatment (n = 1304).
| Multivariate Adjusted Odds Ratio (OR) |
95% CI for OR | p-Value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lower | Upper | |||
| Period of the incident = 2020 (during the COVID-19 pandemic) | 0.523 | 0.390 | 0.702 | <0.001 |
| Victim’s sex = female | 1.078 | 0.816 | 1.423 | 0.597 |
| Victim’s age (years) | 1.076 | 1.042 | 1.112 | <0.001 |
| Victim’s health condition = with chronic illness | 0.321 | 0.185 | 0.556 | <0.001 |
| Victim’s household socioeconomic and educational index (factor score) | 1.039 | 0.890 | 1.214 | 0.628 |
| Previously neglected child | 2.233 | 1.614 | 3.089 | <0.001 |
| Victim previously exposed to maltreatment | 1.447 | 1.023 | 2.045 | 0.036 |
| Large household size (large family size) = yes | 0.555 | 0.330 | 0.933 | 0.026 |
| Known offender to the victim/family | 0.458 | 0.292 | 0.717 | 0.001 |
| Male offender | 1.513 | 1.075 | 2.130 | 0.018 |
| Maltreatment possible = confirmed | 2.857 | 2.027 | 4.028 | <0.001 |
| Victim with a behavioral problem | 0.538 | 0.34 | 0.85 | 0.008 |
| Parental divorce | 1.722 | 1.196 | 2.478 | 0.003 |
| Residing in remote place = yes | 0.267 | 0.091 | 0.779 | 0.016 |
| Offender’s ignorance/lack of awareness about punishment | 1.514 | 1.106 | 2.074 | 0.010 |
| Offender known to have a substance abuse issue | 0.474 | 0.246 | 0.912 | 0.025 |
| Excessive child crying | 2.583 | 1.028 | 6.489 | 0.044 |
| Disabled child | 3.192 | 1.183 | 8.611 | 0.022 |
| Offender is the brother | 4.709 | 2.100 | 10.559 | <0.001 |
| Offender is a relative | 0.227 | 0.077 | 0.672 | 0.007 |
| Constant | 0.185 | <0.001 | ||
Dependent variable = physical maltreatment of the child (no/yes). The model’s overall statistical significance χ2(22) = 494.4, p < 0.001, AUC/ROC = 83.8%, and H–L goodness-of-fit χ2(8) = 18.3, p = 0.019.