ACE-2	angiotensin-converting enzyme 2
AH	alcoholic hepatitis
AIH	autoimmune hepatitis
ALD	alcohol-related liver disease
ALI	acute liver injury
ALT	alanine aminotransferase (glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, GPT)
ALP	alkaline phosphatase
AMA	anti-mitochondrial antibody
ANA	antinuclear antibody
AST	aspartate aminotransferase (glutamic-oxalic- transaminase, GOT)
ASH	alcoholic steatohepatitis
BMI	body mass index
CCK	caspase cleaved cytokeratin (8 & 18)- M30-M 65
COVID	Corona virus disease
DAA	direct-acting anti-virals
DAMPs	danger-associated molecular patterns
DNA	deoxyribonucleic acid
EGF	epithelial growth factor
ER	endoplasmic reticulum
EtG	ethanol glucuronide
EtS	ethanol sulphate
FDA	Food and Drug Administration
GGT	γ-glutamyl-transferase
GSH	glutathione
HBV	hepatitis virus B
HCV	hepatitis virus C
HER	hydroxyethyl radical
HGF	hepatocyte growth factor
HSC	hepatic stellate cells
IL	Interleukin: IL-6, IL-8
INR	International Normalized Ratio
KC	Kupffer cells
LPS	lypo-poli-saccharides
MAA	malon-dialdehyde
MAFLD	metabolic associated fatty liver disease,
Mean ± SD	mean ± standard deviation
MEOS	microsomal ethanol oxidizing system
NAD+	nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide,
NADH	reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
NADP+	nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate,
NADPH	reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate,
PAMPs	pathogen-associated molecular patterns
PhET	phosphatidyl ethanol
POEMS	Polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, M-protein, skin changes syndrome
PPAR alpha	peroxisome proliferator—activated receptor alpha,
PRRs	pattern-recognition receptors
RBC	red blood cell
RNA	ribonucleic acid
ROS	reactive oxygen species
SOCS	suppressor of cytokine signaling
SREBP-1	sterol regulatory element binding protein-1
TGF-β	transforming growth factor beta
TNF-alpha	Tumor necrosis factor alpha
TLR4	toll-like receptor 4
U/L	Unit/Liter
ULN	Upper the limit of normal
VEGF	vascular endothelial growth factor