Table 1.
Anthropometric and clinical characteristics of the study population
| CONs (n = 74) | SAID (n = 261) | SIDD (n = 19) | SIRD (n = 42) | MOD (n = 204) | MARD (n = 220) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Female, % | 51 | 47 | 11 | 19 | 49 | 26 |
| Age, y | 35.7 ± 12.6 | 36.7 ± 11.9 | 42.7 ± 12.2 | 55.4 ± 9.2 | 45.3 ± 9.9 | 56.7 ± 7.3 |
| BMI | 22.6 ± 1.6 | 24.7 ± 4.1 | 26.5 ± 2.8 | 34.0 ± 4.0 | 34.7 ± 6.0 | 27.3 ± 3.7 |
| Waist-to-hip ratio | 0.83 ± 0.07 | 0.86 ± 0.09 | 0.94 ± 0.06 | 1.01 ± 0.08 | 0.95 ± 0.07 | 0.94 ± 0.07 |
| Body fat, % | 22.6 ± 6.1 | 25.4 ± 8.3 | 26.7 ± 7.6 | 36.3 ± 5.8 | 37.5 ± 8.4 | 30.2 ± 6.5 |
| HbA1c, mmol/mol | 32 ± 3 | 48 ± 10 | 72 ± 14 | 44 ± 8 | 47 ± 9 | 45 ± 7 |
| HbA1c, % | 5.1 ± 0.3 | 6.5 ± 0.9 | 8.8 ± 1.3 | 6.2 ± 0.1 | 6.4 ± 0.1 | 6.3 ± 0.7 |
| FPG, mmol/L | 4.83 ± 0.83 | 7.34 ± 2.05 | 10.66 ± 3.55 | 6.60 ± 1.89 | 7.27 ± 1.67 | 6.83 ± 1.28 |
| LDL, mmol/L | 2.82 ± 0.98 | 2.87 ± 0.85 | 3.34 ± 0.75 | 3.24 ± 1.01 | 3.44 ± 0.98 | 3.29 ± 0.93 |
| HDL, mmol/L | 1.79 ± 0.44 | 1.63 ± 0.47 | 1.35 ± 0.28 | 1.01 ± 0.23 | 1.17 ± 0.28 | 1.32 ± 0.39 |
| TGs, mmol/L | 0.9 (0.6-1.2) | 0.9 (0.6-1.2) | 1.2 (0.8-2.3) | 2.4 (1.5-3.3) | 1.6 (1.1-2.3) | 1.3 (0.9-1.8) |
| TGs/HDL ratio | 1.1 (0.8-1.7) | 1.2 (0.8-2.1) | 1.9 (1.2-3.4) | 5.1 (2.9-10.3) | 3.3 (2.1-5.0) | 2.2 (1.5-3.7) |
| Oxygen pulse, mL/heartbeat | 14.3 ± 9.8 | 12.7 ± 3.9 | 11.8 ± 3.2 | 13.3 ± 3.3 | 13.1 ± 3.6 | 12.6 ± 3.6 |
| RERmax | 1.18 ± 0.09 | 1.18 ± 0.11 | 1.14 ± 0.09 | 1.12 ± 0.09 | 1.14 ± 0.11 | 1.16 ± 0.1 |
| Systolic BP, mm Hg | 122 ± 14 | 128 ± 16 | 137 ± 14 | 140 ± 16 | 138 ± 16 | 140 ± 19 |
| Diastolic BP, mm Hg | 74 ± 9 | 78 ± 10 | 81 ± 8 | 84 ± 12 | 85 ± 10 | 82 ± 10 |
| Heart rate, bpm | 63 ± 10 | 64 ± 10 | 70 ± 12 | 70 ± 11 | 69 ± 10 | 67 ± 10 |
Data are shown as mean ± SD for normally distributed parameters, median (first quartile to third quartile) for log-normally distributed parameters, or n (%).
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; bpm, beats per minute; CONs, lean, glucose-tolerant controls; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin A1c; HDL, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; MARD, moderate age-related diabetes; MOD, moderate obesity-related diabetes; RER, respiratory exchange ratio, SAID, severe autoimmune diabetes; SIDD, severe insulin-deficient diabetes; SIRD, severe insulin-resistant diabetes; TGs, triglycerides.