Figure 5.

Effect of Withaferin A (WFA) on the reversal of cardiac cachexia induced by cancer. Reversal of cardiac systolic functions by Withaferin A in the form of reversal of heart weight, left ventricular heart rate, fractional shortening, cardiac output and left ventricular mass, cross-sectional area of cardiomyocytes (not shown), and partial reversal of diastolic function (E/A ratio, E/e’ ratio, IVRT: isovolumetric relaxation time), and shift in MHC isoforms) through the decrease in angiotensin II and proinflammatory cytokines levels in an NSG mice tumor model. *** p < 0.001; **** p < 0.0001 indicates a significant difference from the corresponding value of the tumor-free vehicle-treated group by two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparison test, #### p < 0.0001 indicates a significant difference from the corresponding value of the tumor-free WFA 2 mg/kg group, αααα p < 0.0001 indicates a significant difference from the corresponding value of the tumor-free WFA 4 mg/kg group. ¥¥¥¥ p < 0.0001 indicates a significant difference from the corresponding value of the tumor-bearing vehicle-treated group. Adopted from reference [18]. Reproduced under Attribution License (CC BY 4.0).