Table 1.

Multiclass 14 CVD studies and their characteristics in ML/DL framework.

SN	Studies	Input Covariates	Gold Standard Types	#RC	ML/DL
1	Chao et al. [71]	OBBM, LBBM	CVD Event	K	DL
2	Lui et al. [79]	ECG parameters	CHC	3	ML
3	Wiharto et al. [82]	OBBM, LBBM, ECG	CHD	3	ML
4	Jamthikar et al. [76]	OBBM, LBBM, CUSIP	CVE	4	ML
5	Nakanishi et al. [80]	OBBM, LBBM, CUSIP	Death	3	ML
6	Devi et al. [72]	ECG Parameters	SCD	3	ML
7	Khan et al. [77]	PCG Signals	CVE	3	ML
8	Krupa et al. [78]	APG signals	BCVD	3	ML
9	Ni et al. [81]	ECG Signals	CVD, No CVD	4	DL
10	Hedman et al. [74]	OBBM, LBBM	Heart Failure	3	ML
11	Hussain et al. [75]	OBBM, LBBM, ECG	MI	3	ML
12	Sanchez et al. [69]	OBBM, LBBM	CAC score	9	ML
13	Emaus et al. [73]	OBBM, CAC (CT)	F/NF CVD	3	DL
14	Buddi et al. [70]	OBBM, LBBM	CVD, Diabetes	4	ML

SN: Serial number; APG: Acceleration plethysmogram; CHD: Coronary heart disease; CVE: Cardiovascular events; CHC: Chronic heart conditions; SCD: Sudden cardiac death; BCVD: Binary CVD (Healthy, diseased); F/NF CVD: Fetal/Non-fetal CVD; CT: Computed tomography; #RC: Risk classes; OBBM: Office-based biomarkers; LBBM: Laboratory-based biomarkers; CUSIP: Carotid ultrasound image phenotypes; CAC: Coronary artery calcium; ECG: Electrocardiogram; MI: Myocardial infarction.