(A) Viability of dFB cells under different Afa concentrations. (B) mRNA levels of IL4R, CCR2, IL6R, TNFR, and TLR2-3 of differentiating dFB with Afa (10 nM) or Rosi (5 μM) treatment. n = 4 per group. (C and D) Immunostaining for pEGFR and pERK (C), Ki67 and TUNEL (D) in skin biopsies from Ctrl- and Afa-treated rats. Scale bars: 50 μm. (E) Quantification of TUNEL-positive cell and mean Ki67 intensity per hair follicle. n = 6 per group. Data are presented as the means ± SEM. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 (Afa/Rosi vs Ctrl, Afa +Rosi vs Afa) using two-tailed unpaired Student’s t test and one-way ANOVA.