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. 2022 Apr 1;13(2):583–613. doi: 10.14336/AD.2021.0829

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Copyright: © 2022 Attaluri et al.

this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium provided that the original work is properly attributed.

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Figure 4. — Eight weeks of nCUR treatment, commencing 2 months after exposure to GWI-related chemicals and stress, reduced activated microglia in the hippocampus. Figures A-L illustrate examples of IBA-1+ microglia expressing ED-1 in the hippocampus of naïve (A-C) and GWI rats receiving vehicle (GWI-VEH; D-F) or different doses of nCUR (GWI-nCUR10, G-I; GWI-nCUR20; J-L). Bar charts M-P illustrate the percentages of IBA-1+ microglia expressing ED-1 in the dentate gyrus (DG; M), CA1 subfield (N), CA3 subfield (O), and entire hippocampus (P). Compared to the GWI-VEH group, both nCUR groups displayed reduced percentages of IBA-1+ microglia expressing ED-1 (i.e., activated microglia) in the CA1 and CA3 subfields of the hippocampus and the entire hippocampus. Scale bar, A-L = 25 μm. **, p<0.01, and ***, p< 0.001; NS, not significant.