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. 2022 Apr 1;13(2):583–613. doi: 10.14336/AD.2021.0829

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Copyright: © 2022 Attaluri et al.

this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium provided that the original work is properly attributed.

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Figure 5. — Five weeks of nCUR treatment, commencing 2 months after exposure to GWI-related chemicals and stress enhanced neurogenesis in the hippocampus. Figures in (A-H) show examples of 5’-bromodeoxyuridine-positive (BrdU+) cells in the SGZ-GCL of the hippocampus from naïve (A) and GWI rats receiving vehicle (GWI-VEH; B) or different doses of nCUR (GWI-nCUR10, C; GWI-nCUR20; D). (E, F, G, and H) are magnified views of regions from A, B, C, and D. Bar chart M compares the number of BrdU+ newly born cells in the SGZ-GCL of the hippocampus between different groups of rats. Note a significantly reduced number of BrdU+ cells in the GWI-VEH group compared to the naive control group. nCUR treatment at both doses enhanced the production of new cells (i.e., BrdU+ cells). Figures in I-L illustrate examples of BrdU+ cells expressing neuron-specific nuclear antigen (NeuN, arrows) from a naive control rat (I), a GWI rat receiving vehicle (J), a GWI rat receiving 10 mg/Kg nCUR (K), and a GWI rat receiving 20 mg/kg nCUR (L). The bar chart in N compares percentages of BrdU+ cells expressing NeuN, whereas the bar chart in (O) compares net hippocampal neurogenesis between different groups. Note significantly reduced percentage of BrdU+ cells expressing NeuN and net hippocampal neurogenesis in the GWI-VEH group compared to the naïve group. nCUR treatment at both doses normalized the neuronal differentiation of BrdU+ cells and net neurogenesis to naïve control levels. **, p < 0.01; ***, p<0.001; NS, not significant. DH, dentate hilus; GCL, granule cell layer; ML, molecular layer; SGZ, subgranular zone. Scale bar, A-D = 100 µm; E-H = 50 µm; I-L = 25 µm.