Table 1.

Pharmacokinetic and toxicological features of GLP-1 Ras.

Agents	Liraglutide	Dulaglutide	Albiglutide	Semaglutide	Exenatide	Lixisenatide
				Subcutaneous | Oral	Normal | Extended release
T1/2	13h	5d	5d	1w	2.4h |/	3h
Tmax	8-12h	24-72h	3-5d	1-3d | 1h	2.1h | 2w, 6-7w	1-3.5h
Bioavailability	55%	65%, 47%	/	89%, 0.4%-1%	/	/
Protein binding	>98%	/	/	>99%	/	/
Volume of distribution	13L, 20-25L	19.2L, 17.4 L	11L	12.5L, 8L	28.3L	100L
Metabolism	A similar manner to large proteins without a specific organ as a major route of elimination	May be degraded into its component amino acids by general protein catabolism pathways	May be catabolized primarily in the vascular endothelium	Proteolytic cleavage of the peptide backbone and sequential beta-oxidation of the fatty acid sidechain	May through glomerular filtration and proteolytic degradation.	May through glomerular filtration and proteolytic degradation
Excretion	urine 6%, feces 5%	/	/	urine 3%, feces/	/	/
Effects of age on pharmacokinetics	None	None	None	None	None	None
Most common side effects	headache, nausea, diarrhea	nausea, abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting, decreased appetite	upper respiratory tract infection, back pain, diarrhea, joint pain, nausea, inflammation of the sinuses, reactions at injection site, flu symptoms, cough	nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, stomach pain, constipation	nausea, feeling jittery, indigestion, vomiting, dizziness, constipation, diarrhea, headache, weakness a bump at the injection site, nausea	nausea, vomiting, headache, diarrhea, feeling dizzy