Table 1.
Overview of PD-related oropharyngeal dysphagia clinical manifestations and postulated pathomechanisms.
| Clinical manifestation | Pathomechanisms |
|---|---|
| Prolonged oral transit time: | Dopaminergic + non-dopaminergic (especially Lewy pathology in swallowing cortex?) |
| Premature spillage: | Dopaminergic + non-dopaminergic (Lewy pathology in swallowing cortex?) |
| Delayed swallow reflex: | Dopaminergic + decreased Substance P concentration |
| Prolonged pharyngeal transit time: | Dopaminergic + non-dopaminergic (Lewy pathology in brainstem?) |
| Penetration: | Dopaminergic + non-dopaminergic |
| Aspiration: | Dopaminergic + non-dopaminergic |
| Residue in valleculae: | Primarily dopaminergic |
| Residue in piriform sinus: | Dopaminergic + non-dopaminergic |
| Dysfunction of upper esophageal sphincter: | Primarily non-dopaminergic (Lewy pathology in swallowing centers of medulla oblongata?) |
| Insufficient cough reflex: | Decreased Substance P concentration |
Source108.