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. 2022 Mar 24;12:5116. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-08915-5

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Histological changes following oral administration of B. amyloliquefaciens (BA) or BA-nanoparticles (BANPs) in non-colitic and colitic rats. Non-colitic groups including Control (a,b), BA (c,d) and BANPs (e–g) groups. While, colitic groups include DSS (h,j), DSS + BA (k,l) and DSS + BANPs (m,n) groups. Red rectangle = magnification of selected area, Arrow = normal colon crypt structure, black triangle = normal muscularis mucosa layer, yellow circle = diffuse leukocytic infiltration, zigzag arrow = desquamated colon epithelium, thick yellow arrow = mucosal abscess within the colonic crypts, arrow head = apparently normal colon crypts with increased number of goblet cells, star = prominent lymphoid aggregation within the submucosa.