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. 2022 Mar 11;98(3):112–125. doi: 10.2183/pjab.98.008

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© 2022 The Author(s).

Published under the terms of the CC BY-NC license https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.

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Figure 1. — RET activation by GDNF family ligands (GFLs) that bind to coreceptor GDNF family receptor α (GFRα). GDNF, NRTN, ARTN and PSPN preferentially bind to GFRα1, GFRα2, GFRα3 and GFRα4, respectively. GDNF/GFRα1/RET signaling complex is essential for the development of the enteric nervous system, kidney and urinary tract, and self-renewal/survival of spermatogonial stem cells. GDF15/GFRAL/RET complex plays a crucial role in body weight control. GDNF, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor; NRTN, neurturin; ARTN, artemin; PSPN, persephin; GDF15, growth differentiation factor-15; GFRAL, GDNF family receptor α-like; CLD, cadherin-like domain; CRD, cysteine-rich domain.