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. 2022 Feb 22;13:795315. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.795315

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Copyright © 2022 Zizzo, Tamburello, Castelnovo, Laria, Mumoli, Faggioli, Stefani and Mazzone

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Implications of IL-6 in COVID-19 pathogenesis and therapeutic opportunity of using IL-6 inhibitors according to disease stage. Taking into account the well-established functions of IL-6 on immune cells (i.e. pro-M2, anti-Treg, anti-cytotoxic, anti-TH1, pro-TH17), here we schematically summarize the differential roles of IL-6 in the inflammatory cascade of COVID-19 according to disease stages and supposed T-cell polarization, which affect the usefulness or otherwise of IL-6 inhibitors (IL-6i). Created with Biorender.com.