Fig. 3.

GGPPS1 knockout inhibited autophagy in VILI mice. C57BL/6 mice with lung-specific GGPPS1 knockout (GGPPS1^−/−) and wild-type (WT) mice were subjected to mechanical ventilation (VT) or not. a The ultrastructural changes of lung tissues were observed by TEM. b Protein expression of autophagy markers, including LC3 I/II, ATG5, and Beclin1, was detected by western blot analysis. c, d LC3B-positive puncta in lung tissues were analyzed by immunofluorescence. ns, not significant; *P < 0.05; ***P < 0.001 vs. the indicated group