Table 2.
Results of the confirmatory factor analysis and reliability analysis.
| Construct | Factor Loading | t-Value | AVE | CR | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Boss’s consideration for WLB (Cronbach’s α = 0.915) | |||||
| bc1 | My boss listens attentively to what subordinates have to say about their personal problems. | 0.843 | Fixed | 0.683 | 0.915 |
| bc2 | My boss sympathizes with the difficulties in balancing work and family (child care, parenting, marital problems, etc.). | 0.809 | 16.656 *** | ||
| bc3 | My boss is understanding and considerate from the point of view of his/her subordinates. | 0.893 | 19.516 *** | ||
| bc4 | My boss values the family life of his/her subordinates | 0.786 | 15.928 *** | ||
| bc5 | My boss freely discusses issues related to individual growth (career advancement, promotion, and education) with his/her subordinates. | 0.796 | 16.233 *** | ||
| Company’s willingness for WLB (Cronbach’s α = 0.916) | |||||
| cw1 | Our hotel strives to provide an environment where the cooks can concentrate on their work without worrying about their family problems. | 0.825 | Fixed | 0.688 | 0.917 |
| cw2 | Our hotel supports various areas of the cook’s life (family, leisure, self-development, etc.). | 0.847 | 17.190 *** | ||
| cw3 | Our hotel regards the cook’s leisure time as important. | 0.861 | 17.635 *** | ||
| cw4 | Our hotel prioritizes the growth of our hotel and cook together. | 0.796 | 15.699 *** | ||
| cw5 | Our hotel values the cook’s WLB. | 0.818 | 16.352 *** | ||
| Ease of using WLB programs (Cronbach’s α = 0.907) | |||||
| eu1 | Our department allows the chef to be absent or to take an early leave owing to family problems. | 0.759 | Fixed | 0.722 | 0.911 |
| eu2 | Our department does not have a problem with employees taking leaves for personal or family events. | 0.956 | 17.913 *** | ||
| eu3 | Our department allows the chef to use work–family support programs (paternity leave, maternity leave, etc.) supported by the company. | 0.729 | 13.024 *** | ||
| eu4 | Our department does not have to guess what our boss or colleagues are thinking when taking vacations (annual leave, summer vacation, etc.). | 0.930 | 17.428 *** | ||
| Material support of colleagues for WLB (Cronbach’s α = 0.783) | |||||
| cs2 | My colleagues help me when I have difficulties (child care, parenting, marital problems, etc.) in balancing work and family. | 0.876 | Fixed | 0.870 | 0.953 |
| cs3 | My colleagues help me when I have personal problems (family, leisure, growth, and self-development). | 0.948 | 25.647 *** | ||
| cs4 | My colleagues adjust my working hours when I have personal problems (family, leisure, growth, and self-development). | 0.972 | 27.014 *** | ||
| Empathetic communication with colleagues (Cronbach’s α = 0.870) | |||||
| cc1 | My colleagues are available to discuss problems related to my personal life (child care, parenting, marital problems, etc.). | 0.905 | Fixed | 0.639 | 0.874 |
| cc2 | My colleagues are attentive to my concerns. | 0.740 | 15.244 *** | ||
| cc3 | My colleagues understand the difficulties I have in balancing my work and family (child care, parenting, marital problems, etc.). | 0.663 | 12.943 *** | ||
| cc4 | My colleagues are people with whom I can discuss my personal life (family, leisure, growth, and self-development). | 0.865 | 19.706 *** | ||
| WLB perception (Cronbach’s α = 0.925) | |||||
| wlb1 | I currently have a good balance between the time I spend at work and the time I have for non-work activities. | 0.898 | Fixed | 0.755 | 0.925 |
| wlb2 | There seems to be a healthy balance between my work demands and non-work activities. | 0.860 | 20.777 *** | ||
| wlb3 | Overall, I believe that my work and non-work life are balanced. | 0.850 | 20.290 *** | ||
| wlb4 | I have difficulty balancing my work and non-work activities. | 0.868 | 21.195 *** | ||
| Turnover intention (Cronbach’s α = 0.989) | |||||
| ti1 | There is a high probability that I will actively seek employment with a different organization in the next year. | 0.966 | Fixed | 0.947 | 0.989 |
| ti2 | I have seriously considered changing organizations since I began working here. | 0.979 | 49.664 *** | ||
| ti3 | I will not be working here after a year. | 0.973 | 47.154 *** | ||
| ti4 | I do not intend to remain with this hotel for more than a few years. | 0.978 | 49.599 *** | ||
| ti5 | Currently, I am actively searching for another job in a different organization. | 0.970 | 46.053 *** | ||
Note: BC = boss’s consideration for WLB; CW = company’s willingness for WLB; EU = ease of using WLB programs; CS = material support of colleagues for WLB; CC = empathetic communication with colleagues; WLB = work–life balance; TI = turnover intention; AVE = average variance extracted; CR = composite reliability; Chi-square = 763.949 (df = 384), p < 0.000, Chi-square/df = 1.989; normed fit index (NFI) = 0.924, relative fit index (RFI) = 0.914, incremental fit index (IFI) = 0.961, Tucker–Lewis index (TLI) = 0.955, comparative fit index (CFI) = 0.960, root square error of approximation (RMSEA) = 0.059, standardized root mean square residual (SRMR) = 0.047; *** p < 0.001.