Table 1.

Cytokines studied in SARS-CoV-2 immune response, the cell responsible for its secretion, immune function of the cytokine, effects modulated in the host and relations established in COVID-19 response.

Cytokine	Secretor Cell	Immune Function	Effect on the Host	SARS-CoV-2 Association
CXCL-10	Monocytes	Monocytes, macrophages, NK cells, DCs and LT chemotaxis	Inflammation	Severe disease [70]
Interferon-gamma (IFN-Υ)	NK cells and LT-CD4+ (Th1)	IL-4 inhibition, Th1 differentiation, increased MHC I and II expression	Inflammation and anti-viral immune response	Lung injury [71]
IL-1β	Macrophages	LB proliferation and differentiation, phagocytes stimulation	Inflammation	Decreased oxygen saturation, poor outcome [72,73]
IL-2	Activated LT-CD4+, LB and monocytes	NK and T cell activation and proliferation, B cell activation along with IL-4	Inflammation and antigen-specific stimulation	ICU-hospitalization [35,72]
IL-4	LT-CD4+ (Th2)	LB differentiation and proliferation, increased expression of MHC-II	Antigen-specific humoral response	Mild disease [70]
IL-6	Lymphocytes and monocytes	Increased acute inflammation-cytokines release, eosinophil chemotaxis	Immune modulation (pro or anti-inflammatory), antigen-specific response, and anti-viral response	Decreased oxygen saturation, poor outcome, increased risk of death [73,74]
IL-8	Macrophages	Neutrophil and granulocytes chemotaxis, phagocytosis stimulation	Inflammation	Severe disease, increased risk of death [74,75]
IL-10	LT-CD8+	Inhibition of Th1 cytokines, decreased cytolytic response	Inflammation	Severe disease and ICU hospitalization [35,75]
IL-17	LT-CD4+ (Th17)	Neutrophil activation	Inflammation, mucosal activation, tissue repair	Decreased oxygen-saturation and lung injury [71,73], mild disease [70]
Tumor-necrosis factor (TNF)-α	Macrophages	Phagocytes chemotaxis and phagocytosis stimulation	Inflammation	Severe disease, ICU hospitalization, and increased risk of death [35,74,75]