Table 2.

Main findings of studies on ZIKV, SARS-CoV-2, HSV1, HCMV, and DENV using brain organoids.

Virus	Main Finding in Brain Organoids
ZIKV	Infection of NPCs led to impaired neurogenesis and microcephaly. Innate immune response was inconsistent across studies. Microglia induced immune response upon ZIKV infection.
SARS-CoV-2	SARS-CoV-2 receptors expressed predominantly in ChP cells. ChP cells were more susceptible compared to neurons. Infection of ChP impaired barrier function and induced cytokine release.
HSV1	HSV1 infection disrupted brain organoid development. HSV1 reactivation led to neuronal cellular pathologies, but occurred infrequent. HSV1 inhibited IFN response.
HCMV	HCMV infection of a subset of NPCs disrupted organoid organization and cellular function. HCMV infection reduced growth dependent on organoid age Neutralizing antibodies but not antiviral maribavir prevented disease phenotype.
DENV	DENV infection did not lead to severe pathogenic effects such as related flavivirus ZIKV.