Table 1.

Study characteristics.

Study	Country; HDI	Study Design	Intervention Duration	Setting	Intervention Type	Frequency	Pharmacist Training	Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria
Ali 2012 [26]	United-Kingdom; HDI = 0.932	Randomized controlled study; Randomization at the patient level	12 months	2 community pharmacies	Pharmaceutical care package: targeted medicine use review (compliance and counseling), comprehensive and individualized education, lifestyle modification counseling	Every month the first 2 months, then every 3 months	8 h training program: update on diabetes management and referrals, overview of the use of diagnostic equipment	T2D, >18 y/o, oral medication (no insulin), no significant co-morbidity, HbA1C ≥ 7%
Ayadurai 2018 [27]	Malaysia; HDI = 0.810	Randomized controlled study; Randomization at the patient level	6 months	7 primary healthcare practices (health clinics)	Simplified tool to manage T2D: medication related concerns, recommendations to the prescribers, education	Monthly	2h online training program to use the tool	T2D, >21 y/o, on multiple medications (including for other chronic conditions) and/or have other diseases in addition to diabetes, HbA1C > 8% (or fasting blood sugar > 7.0 mmol/L or 2 h post prandial sugar level > 8.5 mmol/L)
Correr 2011 [28]	Brazil; HDI = 0.765	Quasi-experimental controlled study	12 months	6 community pharmacies	PFU program: comprehensive and systematic medication outcome assessment, suggesting changes in the medication, education	Monthly	Training on basic concepts and procedures of pharmacotherapy follow-up, diabetes care, glucose and blood pressure measurement	T2D, >30 y/o, using either oral hypoglycemiants or insulin
Doucette 2009 [29]	USA; HDI = 0.926	Randomized controlled study; Randomization at the patient level	12 months	7 community pharmacies	Assessment of clinical markers, review of medications and self-care behaviors, identifying drug therapy problems, recommendation of drug therapy change and education (diabetes self-care)	Quarterly	Training in diabetes management: 15 h self-study certificate program in diabetes management and live training (pathophysiology, therapeutics, self-care…)	T2D, HbA1C ≥ 7.0%
Fajriansyah 2020 [30]	Indonesia; HDI = 0.718	Randomized controlled trial; Randomization at the center level	6 months	4 primary health care centers (Puskesmas)	Education about T2D causes and symptoms, importance of therapy, therapies available, guidelines for the treatment, purpose of controlling blood sugar levels, lifestyle	Monthly	8 h training with experts	T2D, 18 ≤ age ≥ 65 y/o, HbA1C ≥ 6.5%
Fornos 2006 [31]	Spain; HDI = 0.904	Randomized controlled trial; Randomization at the patient level	13 months	14 community pharmacies	PFU program: prevent, detect and solve the problems related to the drugs used, information about drug (correct use, adverse reaction, interaction), assessment of lifestyle and health education actions	Monthly	Educational program to increase knowledge about diabetes and 18h of trainingin the PFU program and in the proper use of the measuring tools	T2D, on oral antidiabetics > 2 months
Jahangard-Rafsanjani 2014 [32}	Iran; HDI = 0.783	Randomized controlled trial; Randomization at the patient level	5 months	1 community pharmacy	Diabetes education program on diet management, physical activity, diabetes complications, discussion about medication-related problems and self-care issues	Monthly	4 h training: pathophysiology and pharmacotherapy, 3-day workshop on diabetes education	T2D, oral hypoglycemic medications, HbA1C > 7% within the preceding month
Javaid 2019 [33]	Pakistan; HDI = 0.557	Randomized controlled trial; Randomization at the patient level	9 months	1 primary care clinic	Comprehensive pharmaceutical care plan: assessment for drug related problems, suggestions for therapy changes, verbal and readable education (insulin administration, medication adherence, treatment goals, self-care, dietary, lifestyle, monitoring of blood glucose, footcare and hygiene...)	Quarterly	NA	T2D, >18 y/o, HbA1c > 8%,
Krass 2007 [34]	Australia; HDI = 0.944	Randomized controlled trial; Randomization at the pharmacy level	6 months	56 community pharmacies	Review of self-monitoring of blood glucose, disease, medication, self-management and lifestyle education (physical activity, weight loss), adherence support, medication review and detection of drug-related problems	Monthly	Diabetes education manual for self-directed learning and a 2-day workshop (pharmacotherapy, dietary management, role-playing exercises, training on the use of measuring tools)	T2D with: HbA1c ≥ 7.5%, with ≥ 1 oral glucose lowering medication or insulin; HbA1c ≥ 7.0%, ≥ 1 oral glucose lowering medication or insulin AND ≥ 1 anti-hypertensive, angina or lipid-lowering drug
Mehuys 2011 [35]	Belgium; HDI = 0.931	Randomized controlled trial; Randomization at the pharmacy level	6 months	66 community pharmacies	Education on diabetes and its complications, about the correct use of oral hypoglycemic agents, facilitation of medication adherence, healthy lifestyle education, reminders about annual eye and foot examinations	At each prescription-refill visit	Training session on the pathophysiology of diabetes and its non-pharmacological and pharmacological management	T2D, 45 ≤ age ≥ 75, BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2, treatment with oral hypoglycemic medication for ≥ 12 months
Michiels 2019 [36]	France; HDI = 0.901	Randomized controlled trial; Randomization at the pharmacy level	6 months	174 community pharmacies	Structured and tailored information on diabetes diet, medication management and diabetes complications	3 interviews	Information on the study by phone, face to face training and a guide explaining how to perform the interviews	T2D, HbA1c level > 7%, with ≤3 different oral antidiabetic drugs
Mourao 2013 [37]	Brazil; HDI = 0.765	Randomized controlled trial; Randomization at the patient level	6 months	6 primary health care units	Care plan including pharmacotherapy changes if necessary and education about non-pharmacological issues (aetiology, pathophysiology, complications, treatment goals, lifestyle) and pharmacological treatments (proper dosage, side-effects, drug storage)	Monthly	Training in pharmaceutical care and diabetes management	T2D, ≥18 y/o, with post-prandial capillary glucose ≥180 mg/dL and HbA1c ≥ 7 %, under ≥1 oral antidiabetic medications for ≥6 months

Abbreviations: HDI = Human Development Index; h = hour; T2D = type 2 diabetes mellitus; y/o = years old; HbA1c = glycated hemoglobin; PFU = Pharmacotherapy follow-up; NA = not available.