Table 1.

Studies recruiting healthy untrained young subjects.

Authors (Year)	Design	QACIS Score	Participants	Creatine Dose (g/day)	Duration (Days)	Training Exercise	Evaluation Exercise	Outcome Measures (Muscle-Related)	Main Findings (Muscle-Related)
del Favero et al. [23]	RP DB	85.71	34 healthy untrained males 18–30 years old	2 × 10 g	10	N/A	Squat exercise Bench press	Muscle power output by a linear encoder 1RM	Muscle power output: Squat exercise: CR > PL (p = 0.003) Bench-press: CR > PL (p = 0.039) 1RM in CR: Post > pre Squat exercise: p = 0.027 Bench-press: p < 0.0001 No change in PL
Kaviani et al. [24]	RP DB	85.71	18 healthy untrained males 23 ± 3 years old	0.07 g/kg	56	Bench press Leg press Biceps curl Tricep extension Shoulder press Lat pull-down	1RM of left exercise	Check 1RM every two weeks for eight weeks CK	1RM CR > PL within two weeks after bench, leg, and shoulder presses (p < 0.05) By six weeks, 1RM CR > PL in above three items and tricep extension (p < 0.05) Eight weeks, then same as six weeks, no significant difference in biceps curls and lat pull-downs CK, CR > PL (p ≤ 0.05)

RP: randomized parallel; DB: double blind; N/A: not applicable; RM: repetition maximum; CR: creatine; PL: placebo; CK: creatine kinase.