Table 2.
Studies recruiting healthy trained young subjects.
| Authors (Year) |
Design | QACIS Score | Participants | Creatine Dose (g/day) |
Duration (Days) | Training Exercise | Evaluation Exercise | Outcome Measures (Muscle-Related) |
Main Findings (Muscle-Related) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Claudinoet al. [25] |
RP DB |
71.43 | 23 healthy male elite soccer player 18.3 ± 0.9 years old |
4 × 5 g × 7 days 5 g × 42 days |
49 | Whole-body resistance training Jumping Specific training for soccer |
Countermovement jump (CMJ) test | Countermovement jump test | CMJ test: CR > PL (p = 0.23) Reduction in jump performance, PL > CR (p = 0.05) |
| Nunes et al. [26] |
RP DB |
85.71 | 43 healthy trained males 22.7 ± 3 years old |
0.3 g/kg × 7 days 0.03 g/kg × 49 days |
56 | Whole-body resistance training | N/A | DXA for lean soft tissue | ↑ Lean soft tissue (LST) in upper limbs, lower limbs, and trunk, CR > PL (p < 0.001) ULLST (7.1 + 2.9%) > LLLST (3.2 + 2.1%) and TLST (2.1 + 2.2%). |
| Yáñez-Silva et al. [27] | RP DB |
71.43 | 20 healthy trained male elite soccer players 17.0 ± 0.5 years old |
0.03 g/kg | 14 | Soccer training for skill development and anaerobic and aerobic performance development | Wingate anaerobic test |
Peak power output (PPO), mean power output (MPO), fatigue index (FI), and total work |
↑ PPO, MPO, and total work in CR vs. PL (p ≤ 0.05) |
| Wang et al. [28] | RP DB |
85.71 | 17 healthy trained male high school canoeists 16.6 years old |
4 × 5 g × 6 days | 6 | Bench row Complex training bouts Overhead medicine ball throw test |
As left | 1RM of bench row Complex training bouts to determine the optimal individual timing of PAP Distance of overhead medicine ball throw test |
↑ Maximal strength, CR vs. PL (p ≤ 0.05) ↓ Optimal individual PAP time, CR vs. PL (p ≤ 0.05) No effect on explosive power |
| Wang et al. [29] | RP DB |
92.86 | 30 healthy trained males 20 ± 2 years old |
4 × 5 g × 6 days 2 g × 28 days |
34 | Complex training: Half-squat Vertical jump Squat jump |
Body composition 1RM half-squat 30 m sprint and CMJ test |
CMJ test Sprint test 1RMCK |
1RM, CR > PL (p ≤ 0.05) CK, CR < PL (p ≤ 0.05) CMJ test: No significant difference in CR or PL |
| Ribeiro et al. [15] | RP DB |
85.71 | 30 healthy trained male elite soccer players 21.8 ± 4.2 years old |
4 × 5 g × 5 days 3 g × 51 days |
56 | Whole-body resistance training | N/A | Bioelectrical impedance device for ICW and ECW DXA for skeleton muscle mass |
↑ Skeletal muscle mass, total body water, intracellular water in CR vs. PL (p ≤ 0.05) |
RP: randomized parallel; DB: double blind; N/A: not applicable; RM: repetition maximum; CR: creatine; PL: placebo; ICW: intra-cellular water; ECW: extra-cellular water; CK: creatine kinase; DXA: dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; ↑: increase; ↓: decrease.