Table 3.
Methodological and technical aspects of the included studies.
| Study Reference |
Alcohol Type | Alcohol Assessment | Ethanol in Grams | Alcohol Frequency | Outcome Assessment | Device | Assessment Method |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gonzalez-Sanchez J, 2020 Spain [13] |
wine, beer, aperitifs, spirits, liquor | Self-reported questionnaire | Abstemious ≤30 g/week >30 to 70 g/week >70 g/week |
Previous year | Carotid–femoral PWV Brachial–ankle PWV |
SphygmoCor(AtCor Medical Pty Ltd., Head Office, West Ryde, Australia); VaSera VS1500 device (Fukuda Denshi, Tokyo, Japan) | Tonometric Oscillometric |
| Nishiwaki M, 2020 Japan [14] |
Regular Beer | Experimental protocol. Ingestion of different amounts of beer (25 mL, 50 mL, 100 mL, 200 mL) |
Alcohol (g) calculation based on body mass. All participants under 40 g/day. | 8 days | Carotid–femoral PWV Brachial–ankle PWV Heart–brachial PWV Heart–ankle PWV |
TY-501A; Fukuda Denshi VS-1500AE/AN (Fukuda Denshi, Tokyo, Japan) |
Tonometric Oscillometric |
| Hwang CL, 2020 USA [15] |
Beer, wine, spirits, liquor | Self-reported questionnaire; Alcohol Use Disorders Test (AUDIT); dry Blood phosphatidylethanol |
14 g alcohol (12 oz beer, 5 oz. wine, 1.5 oz. of 80-proof spirits, 8–9 oz. of malt liquor) | Binge Drinking (BD), moderate alcohol consumption (MOD); alcohol abstention (AB), based on consumption per year | Carotid–femoral PWV | SphygmoCor (AtCor Medical Australia) | Tonometric |
| Moon J, 2018 South Korea [16] |
Soju (distilled alcohol) > beer, wine, spirits and other liquors | Self-reported questionnaire | Alcoholic drinks/week (casual drinkers: <14 standard drinking/week for men, <7 standard drinking/week for women) |
Abstainers, casual drinkers, problematic drinkers; drinking habits maintained for >5 years before the visit |
Brachial–ankle PWV | Colin VP-1000 (Colin Medical Instrument Co., Komaki, Japan) | Oscillometric |
| Sluyter JD, 2017 New Zealand [32] |
Not specified | Interviewer- administered questionnaire | Heavy alcohol consumption (≥6 drinks per occasion) | Heavy consumers: never, ≤1 per month, Weekly, daily or almost daily |
Aortic PWV | Calculated from validated algorithms | Calculated from validated algorithms |
| Fu S, 2017 China [33] |
Not specified | Interviewer- administered questionnaire | 30 g/week or more for at least 1 year | Previous years, drinkers and nondrinkers |
Carotid–radial PWV | Complior Colson device (Createch Industrie, Garges les Gonesse, France) | Tonometric |
| Nishiwaki M, 2017 Japan [34] |
Beer | Experimental protocol. Ingestion of different amounts of beer (200 mL/350 mL) | Alcohol (g) calculation based on body mass. All participants under 40 g/day. | 4 days of experimental protocol | Carotid–femoral PWV Brachial–ankle PWV |
TY-501a; Fukuda Denshi VS-1500AE/AN (Fukuda Denshi, Tokyo, Japan) |
Tonometric Oscillometric |
| O’Neill D, 2017 UK [35] |
Wine, beer, cider, spirit, liqueur | Self-reported questionnaire | ≤112 g/week >112 g/week |
Consumption 1 week before: Former drinker Stable Nondrinker Stable Moderate drinker Stable Heavy drinker Unstable Moderate drinker Unstable Heavy drinker |
Carotid–femoral PWV | SphygmoCor device (AtCor Medical, Sydney, Australia) |
Tonometric |
| Uemura H, 2015 Japan [36] |
Sake, beer, shochu (distilled beverage), chuhai (sweet beverage mixed with shochu), whiskey, wine | Self-reported questionnaire. | g of ethanol/day 0 0.1–22.9, 23.0–45.9, ≥46.0 |
Previous year Alcohol drinking: Current, Past, Never |
Brachial–ankle PWV | Colin Waveform Analyzer (Model BP203RPEIII; Colin, Co. Ltd., Komaki, Japan) | Oscillometric |
| Kim MK, 2014 South Korea [37] |
Soju (Korean distilled liquor), beer, Takju (unrefined rice wine), Cheongju (refined rice wine), wine, liquors | Interviewer- administered questionnaire | Males Never-drinkers, former-drinkers, 1.0–14.9 g/day, 15.0–29.9 g/day, 30.0–89.9 g/day, ≥90.0 g/day Females Never-drinkers, former-drinkers, 1.0–14.9 g/day, 15.0–29.9 g/day, ≥30.0 g/day |
Previous year Light to moderate: <30.0 g/day = 1–2 drinks per day for men, and less than 15.0 g/day for women |
Brachial–ankle PWV | Colin Waveform Analyzer (Colin-VP1000; Colin Co., Ltd., Komaki, Japan) | Oscillometric |
| Sasaki S, 2013 Japan [38] |
Beer, sake (rice wine), Shochu (traditional Japanese distilled spirit), whisky, wine, other mixed drinks | Self-reported questionnaire | g/day beer (5%), sake (15%), Shochu (25%), whisky (40%), wine (12%), other mixed drinks (5%) | Previous month Females Non-drinkers <10 g/day 10–19 g/day 20–29 g/day ≥30 g/day Males Non-drinkers <20 g/day 20–39 g/day 40–59 g/day ≥60 g/day |
Brachial–ankle PWV | Colin Waveform Analyzer, (Form PWV/AVI; Model BP203RPEII; Colin Co., Komaki, Japan) | Oscillometric |
| Karatzi K, 2013 Greece [39] |
Beer, vodka | Experimental protocol. Ingestion of different amounts of beer and vodka (400 mL/67 mL) | Expressed in 20 g of ethanol | 3 days | Carotid–femoral PWV | SphygmoCor System (Actor Medical, Sydney, Australia) |
Tonometric |
| Mitani S, 2012 Japan [40] |
Not specified | Self-reported questionnaire. | Current drinkers, non drinkers/past-drinkers |
Current drinkers, non drinkers/past-drinkers |
Brachial–ankle PWV | Form/ABI: Omron-Colin, Kyoto, Japan | Oscillometric |