Table 1.
Sample characteristics of participants with dietary recall data in pregnancy and/or postpartum in PEAS.
| Subject Characteristics | Mean ± SD or N (%) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Overall n = 383 1 |
Pregnancy n = 365 |
Postpartum n = 266 |
|
| Sociodemographic | |||
| Age, y | 30.8 ± 4.6 | 30.8 ± 4.6 | 30.9 ± 4.3 |
| Baseline BMI group | |||
| Normal weight, 18.5 ≤ BMI < 25 | 191 (49.9) | 186 (51.0) | 133 (50) |
| Overweight, 25 ≤ BMI < 30 | 99 (25.9) | 97 (26.6) | 71 (26.7) |
| Obese, 30 ≤ BMI | 93 (24.3) | 82 (22.5) | 62 (23.3) |
| Married/living with partner | 322 (91.7) | 315 (92.1) | 237 (94.1) |
| Income-poverty ratio | 3.9 ± 1.9 | 3.9 ± 1.9 | 4.1 ± 1.9 |
| Education | |||
| High school or less | 29 (8.3) | 27 (7.9) | 16 (6.4) |
| Some college | 36 (10.3) | 35 (10.2) | 18 (7.1) |
| Associate’s degree | 29 (8.3) | 28 (8.2) | 19 (7.5) |
| Bachelor’s degree or higher | 257 (73.2) | 252 (73.7) | 199 (79.0) |
| Race/Ethnicity | |||
| White, non-Hispanic | 251 (68.8) | 247 (71.0) | 184 (71.0) |
| Black, non-Hispanic | 53 (14.5) | 45 (12.9) | 31 (12.0) |
| Hispanic or Latino | 29 (8.0) | 26 (7.5) | 22 (8.5) |
| Asian, other or multi-race | 32 (8.8) | 30 (8.6) | 22 (8.5) |
| Dietary intake | |||
| Number of dietary records per participant | - | 3.3 (1.7) | 2.4 (1.0) |
| Total daily energy intake, kcal/d | - | 2047.2 (657.4) | 1995.9 (642.5) |
| Daily HEI score (0–100) 2 | - | 54.7 (11.2) | 55.8 (12.2) |
| Eating frequency, main meals/d 3 | - | 2.9 (0.3) | 2.8 (0.3) |
| Eating frequency, all eating occasions/d 4 | - | 4.6 (1.2) | 4.3 (1.0) |
| Meal regularity, meal skipping pattern 5 | - | 102 (33.7) | 57 (27.7) |
| Energy irregularity score | - | 16.7 (8.9) | 16.0 (9.9) |
| Percent daily energy intake at predefined time windows | - | ||
| 04:00–10:00 h | - | 23.0 (10.8) | 22.0 (10.4) |
| 10:00–14:00 h | - | 30.2 (11.6) | 30.1 (12.6) |
| 14:00–17:00 h | - | 10.8 (10.0) | 8.9 (9.5) |
| 17:00–20:00 h | - | 28.8 (12.1) | 30.5 (14.6) |
| 20:00–24:00 h | - | 7.1 (9.2) | 8.2 (13.1) |
Demographic data were missing in 32 participants for marital status and education, 35 participants for income, and 18 for race. 1 Participants were followed from pregnancy to postpartum. Data from 248 women were available both from pregnancy and postpartum, 117 only from pregnancy, and 18 only from postpartum. 2 Participants’ mean daily HEI scores (calculated by dietary recall day). 3 Including breakfast, lunch and dinner. 4 Including all eating occasions ≥ 50 kcal. 5 Participants skipping any main meal on any available recall.