Table 2.
Associations of eating frequency with daily energy intake and HEI.
| Daily Energy Intake, kcal 1 | Daily HEI, Total Score 1 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | 95% CI | Mean | 95% CI | ||
| Pregnancy | Main meals | ||||
| Unadjusted model | 210.9 | 132.6; 289.2 * | 2.9 | 1.4; 4.4 * | |
| Adjusted model | 300.7 | 199.3; 402.0 * | 2.9 | 0.8; 5.0 * | |
| Eating occasions | |||||
| Unadjusted model | 138.2 | 111.2; 165.3 * | 1.8 | 1.3; 2.4 * | |
| Adjusted model | 161.6 | 129.6; 193.5 * | 1.9 | 1.2; 2.5 * | |
| Postpartum | Main meals | ||||
| Unadjusted model | 212.1 | 91.6; 332.6 * | 3.9 | 1.7; 6.2 * | |
| Adjusted model | 243.3 | 86.1; 400.6 * | 3.1 | −0.1; 6.2 | |
| Eating occasions | |||||
| Unadjusted model | 169.6 | 125.5; 213.8 * | 2.8 | 2.0; 3.6 * | |
| Adjusted model | 146.4 | 91.4; 201.4 * | 2.5 | 1.4; 3.6 * | |
HEI, Healthy Eating Index-2015. 1 Linear mixed regression was performed with REML, restricted maximum likelihood. n = 365 in pregnancy and n = 266 in postpartum. Adjusted model was adjusted for income, race, education, recall on weekday/weekend day (ref = weekday), weekly frequency of moderate/vigorous physical activity, eating less due to nausea (pregnancy models only), and breastfeeding duration (postpartum models only). * α < 0.05 indicates statistical significance.