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. 2022 Feb 26;14(3):177. doi: 10.3390/toxins14030177

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Cell membrane transporters that mediated transport of uremic toxins. Several transporters contribute to the cellular influx and efflux of uremic toxins across membranes, such as organic anion transporters (OATs), organic cation transporters (OCTs), organic anion-transporting polypeptides (OATPs), type-III sodium-dependent phosphate transporters (PiTs), multidrug and toxin extrusion (MATEs), the breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), and multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRPs). These transporters can be found in renal cells, hepatocytes, enterocytes, and endothelium.