Table 2.
Randomized controlled trials of digital cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia enrolled for meta-analysis.
| Author (Year) Location |
Sample Size (F%) Mean Age (SD) |
Recruitment Population | Group Allocation: Completed at Posttreatment (Dropout N.) |
Therapy Delivery | Components of dCBT-i | Sleep-Related Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Morris et al. (2015) [30] UK |
dCBT-i: N = 48 (60%) 20.69 ± 2.61 y/o WC: N = 47 (70%) 20.27 ± 1.56 y/o |
Undergraduate students at the University of Bristol who want to learn stress management | dCBT-i: 36 (12) WC: 44 (3) |
“Insomnia-relief” 7 modules; 6 weeks; text- and email-reminder sent weekly |
SH, SC, SR, RT, PE | PSQI * |
| Freeman et al. (2017) [43] UK |
dCBT-i: N = 1891 (72%) 24.8 ± 7.7 y/o WC: N = 1864 (71%) 24.6 ± 7.6 y/o |
University students from 26 universities in the UK who were with insomnia; SCI ≤ 16 | dCBT-i: 733 (1158) WC: 1142 (722) |
“Sleepio” 6 sessions, on average, of 20 min; weekly; web-based or via smartphone; email- or text-reminder sent to delayed responders |
SH, SC, SR, RT, PE, CT | ISI * SCI-8 DDNSI |
| Fucito et al. (2017) [44] USA |
dCBT-i: N = 21 (48%) 20.71 ± 1.42 y/o HC: N = 21 (48%) 20.33 ± 1.2 y/o |
Undergraduate students with heavy-drinking and concern about sleep | dCBT-i: 19 (2) HC: 19 (2) |
“Call it a Night” 4 modules; weekly; web-based; email reminder sent daily |
SH, SC, RT, PE, CT | PSQI * PROMIS-SRI-SF Actigraphy * |
| De Bruin et al. (2018) [45] The Netherlands |
dCBT-i: N = 39 (85%) 15.3 ± 1.4 y/o WC: N = 39 (72%) 15.9 ± 1.6 y/o |
12–19 y/o adolescents who met DSM-V insomnia criteria; medication-free | dCBT-i: 38 (1) WC: 39 (0) |
dCBT-i 6 weeks; 90 min per session; web-based; 15 min online chat with therapist; text reminder sent to delayed responders |
SH, SC, SR, RT, PE, CT | Sleep Diary HSDQi * Actigraphy * |
Note. dCBT-i, digital cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia; F%, percentage of female participants in the group; y/o, years old; WC, waitlist control group; HC, sleep-hygiene control group; DSM-V, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition; SH, sleep hygiene; SC, stimulus control; SR, sleep restriction; RT, relaxation techniques; CT, cognitive technique; PE, psychoeducation; PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; SCI, Sleep Condition Indicator; ISI, Insomnia Severity Index; DDNSI, Disturbing Dreams and Nightmares Severity Index; PROMIS-SRI-SF, Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System Sleep-Related Impairment Short-Form; HSDQi, Holland Sleep Disorder Questionnaire-Insomnia symptoms. * Results used for data synthesis in the meta-analysis.