Table 4.
Content of flavonoids (µg/g of dry material) in 70% ethanol extracts of wild and cultivated (in different vegetation periods) G. hederacea accessions.
| Sample | Apigenin 7-O-Glucoside | Kaempferol 3-O-Rutinoside | Rutin | Hyperoside | Luteolin-7 O-Glucoside | Apigenin | Luteolin |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wild (flowering shoots, May 2019) | |||||||
| GH01 | 4598.1 | 760.2 | 4229.5 | 2990.8 | 3204.2 | 127.0 | 90.9 |
| GH02 | 755.3 | 312.2 | 2665.0 | 1104.7 | 648.4 | 63.9 | 34.6 |
| GH03 | 4334.8 | 958.7 | 5565.2 | 1463.9 | 1771.2 | 118.9 | 48.0 |
| Average: | 3229.4 | 677.1 | 4153.2 | 1853.1 | 1874.6 | 103.3 | 57.8 |
| SD: | 1752.8 | 270.4 | 1185.2 | 817.7 | 1046.0 | 28.0 | 24.0 |
| Cultivated (vegeative shoots, July 2019) | |||||||
| GH01 | n.d | 731.8 | 7174.1 | 1853.0 | 115.2 | 4.2 | 7.2 |
| GH02 | n.d | 14.7 | 92.9 | 1284.1 | 45.9 | n.d | 5.3 |
| GH03 | n.d | 22.4 | 190.8 | 4414.4 | 56.4 | n.d | 5.1 |
| Average: | - | 256.3 | 2485.9 | 2517.2 | 72.5 | 4.2 | 5.9 |
| SD: | - | 336.2 | 3315.3 | 1361.5 | 30.5 | 0.0 | 1.0 |
| Cultivated (vegetative shoots, August 2019) | |||||||
| GH01 | n.d | 363.4 | 6081.6 | 2129.6 | 72.6 | n.d | 7.1 |
| GH02 | n.d | 26.6 | 633.7 | 2320.8 | 40.6 | n.d | 5.8 |
| GH03 | n.d | 17.3 | 180.6 | 4296.9 | 48.3 | n.d | 5.9 |
| Average: | - | 135.8 | 2298.6 | 2915.8 | 53.8 | - | 6.3 |
| SD: | - | 161.0 | 2681.4 | 979.7 | 13.7 | - | 0.6 |
| Cultivated (flowering shoots, May 2020) | |||||||
| GH01 | 2833.2 | 1555.7 | 8805.6 | 1447.9 | 2660.3 | 150.0 | 104.0 |
| GH02 | 2095.6 | 30.4 | 265.9 | 1131.4 | 1327.1 | 125.6 | 43.7 |
| GH03 | 3705.3 | 30.8 | 321.4 | 2472.1 | 2561.6 | 524.6 | 234.7 |
| Average: | 2878.0 | 539.0 | 3131.0 | 1683.8 | 2183.0 | 266.7 | 127.5 |
| SD: | 657.9 | 719.0 | 4012.6 | 572.2 | 606.5 | 182.6 | 79.7 |
| Cultivated (vegetative shoots, June 2020) | |||||||
| GH01 | 1265.2 | 584.3 | 2847.4 | 1401.5 | 1111.9 | 85.7 | 76.8 |
| GH02 | 360.0 | 13.1 | 135.6 | 617.1 | 333.6 | 59.3 | 33.2 |
| GH03 | 411.8 | 16.2 | 162.8 | 1456.4 | 454.8 | 98.7 | 59.0 |
| Average: | 679.0 | 204.5 | 1048.6 | 1158.3 | 633.4 | 81.2 | 56.3 |
| SD: | 415.0 | 268.6 | 1272.0 | 383.4 | 341.9 | 16.4 | 17.9 |
| Cultivated (vegetative shoots, July 2020) | |||||||
| GH01 | n.d | 594.8 | 2923.6 | 1364.6 | 59.9 | 5.2 | 8.4 |
| GH02 | n.d | 13.0 | 151.5 | 478.5 | 12.5 | n.d | 4.3 |
| GH03 | n.d | 14.6 | 262.1 | 2529.9 | 27.5 | n.d | 6.2 |
| Average: | - | 207.4 | 1112.4 | 1457.7 | 33.3 | - | 6.3 |
| SD: | - | 273.9 | 1281.5 | 840.1 | 19.8 | - | 1.7 |
| Cultivated (vegetative shoots, September 2020) | |||||||
| GH01 | n.d | 230.9 | 2438.4 | 675.4 | 29.4 | n.d | 6.5 |
| GH02 | n.d | 34.4 | 293.2 | 454.1 | 7.3 | n.d | 4.8 |
| GH03 | n.d | 10.5 | 174.8 | 1303.0 | 25.2 | n.d | 6.2 |
| Average: | - | 92.0 | 968.8 | 810.8 | 20.6 | - | 5.8 |
| SD: | - | 98.7 | 1040.3 | 359.6 | 9.6 | - | 0.7 |
| Cultivated (flowering shoots, June 2021) | |||||||
| GH01 | 2174.6 | 493.2 | 1684.5 | 2879.5 | 1767.5 | 75.6 | 52.5 |
| GH02 | 1385.3 | 9.2 | 167.8 | 2386.0 | 941.1 | 118.4 | 34.0 |
| GH03 | 1496.1 | 11.9 | 191.6 | 3206.9 | 1172.4 | 97.0 | 32.0 |
| Average: | 1685.4 | 171.4 | 681.3 | 2824.1 | 1293.7 | 97.0 | 39.5 |
| SD: | 348.9 | 227.5 | 709.4 | 337.4 | 348.1 | 17.5 | 9.2 |
| Cultivated (vegetative shoots, July 2021) | |||||||
| GH01 | n.d | 142.0 | 3239.5 | 1251.7 | 18.0 | n.d | n.d |
| GH02 | n.d | 6.6 | 100.5 | 707.9 | 10.9 | n.d | n.d |
| GH03 | n.d | 6.6 | 80.2 | 547.4 | 14.6 | n.d | n.d |
| Average: | - | 51.7 | 1140.1 | 835.7 | 14.5 | - | - |
| SD: | - | 63.8 | 1484.6 | 301.4 | 2.9 | - | - |
n.d.—not detected. The data representing each sample are the mean values of two measurements.