Table 3.

Summary of the application of DES in extraction of carbohydrates.

DES	Sample Extract	Operating Conditions	Findings	Reference
Choline chloride-glycerol	Alginate and fucoidan from brown seaweed (Saccharina japonica)	Temperature: 150 °C Pressure: 19.85 bar Water content: 70% Liquid/solid ratio: 36.81 mL/g	28.1% of alginate and 14.93% of fucoidan was obtained.	[106]
Choline chloride-1,2-propanediol	Polysaccharide from brown seaweed (Sargassum horneri)	Molar ratio of CHCL:1,2-propanediol: 1:2 Water content: 30% (v/v) Solid–liquid ratio: 1:30 (g/mL) Temperature: 70 °C	-11.31% of polysaccharide was obtained. -The polysaccharides extracted by using DES have reduced amounts of proteins and minerals.	[107]
Ethanolamine: o-creso	Polysaccharide from Ganoderma lucidum	Concentration of DES: 50 wt % Liquid-solid ratio: 30:1 Time: 50 min Temperature: 60 °C	-A total of 92.35 mg/g and recovery yield of 88.09% was obtained. -Maintained high extraction yield of 81.79 mg/g and recovery yield of 79.31% even after the fifth cycle.	[109]
Choline chloride: ethylene glycol	Polysaccharide from lotus leaves	Water content in DES: 61% Temperature: 92 °C Liquid-solid ratio: 31 mL/g Time: 126 min	-5.38% of extraction yield and 82.10 of total polysaccharide content was obtained. -High content of total uronic acids (39.96%) was obtained.	[110]
Choline chloride: 1,4-butanediol	Polysaccharide from bladderwrack (Fucus vesiculosus)	Water content in DES: 32% Temperature: 168 °C Solid–liquid ratio: 39 mL/g Time: 35 min	116.33 mg/g extraction yield was attained.	[111]
Choline chloride: malonic acid	Chitin from lobster shell	Temperature: 50 °C Time: 2 h Percentage of lobster shells and DES by weight: 7%	-Approximately 20.6% extraction yield was obtained. -Extracted chitin exhibit crystallinity up to 80.6% and showed porous structure.	[112]
Choline chloride: citric acid	Pectin from Averrhoa bilimbi	Temperature: 80 °C Time: 2.5 h Percentage of DES: 3.74% (w/v) Molar ratio of DES components: 1:1	-14.44% of extraction yield was obtained. -Extracts contain good functional properties: water holding capacity (3.70 g/g), oil holding capacity (2.40 g/g) and foaming capacity (133.33%).	[113]