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Key structures of in vitro transcribed mRNA (IVT mRNA). (a) Conventional mRNA is composed of a 5′ cap, a 5′ untranslated region (UTR), an open reading frame (ORF), a 3′ UTR, and a 3′ poly(A) tail. (b) Self-amplifying mRNA includes a 5′ cap, a 5′ UTR, an ORF, a 3′ UTR, a 3′ poly(A) tail, and an additional alphavirus sequence encoding nonstructural proteins (nsPs).
