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. 2022 Feb 25;14(3):512. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14030512

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Mechanism of mRNA vaccine cancer therapy. Both conventional mRNAs and self-amplifying mRNAs (saRNAs) encoding antigen proteins are encapsulated in NPs and delivered into cells through the cell membrane. Then, they are trafficked into the endosomes. Only a small fraction of these mRNA-containing NPs escape endosomes and are released into the cytoplasm. Conventional mRNA is sensed by the cell and translated through ribosomes into antigen proteins that can induce an immune response. saRNA undergoes self-amplification that is facilitated by nonstructural proteins (nsPs), leading to the translation of more mRNAs.